Gaba conjugates and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition of a covalent conjugate of a GABA analog with a drug. In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for treating pain and neurological disorders using the conjugates of GABA analogs.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation application which claims the benefitof U.S. application Ser. No. 12/576,136, filed Oct. 8, 2009; whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/103,800, filedOct. 8, 2008, which application is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A number of treatments involving the administration of single drugs arecurrently recommended for relief of pain including neurological pain.The single administration of narcotic analgesics, gamma (γ)-aminobutyricacid (GABA) analogs such as gabapentin, pregabalin and baclofen,antidepressants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) havebeen shown to display pain alleviating properties in the clinic and invarious animal models.

Despite the benefits derived from the current single drug pain reliefregimens, these regimens have disadvantages. One area of concern relatesto the incidence of unwanted side effects caused by many of the paintreatment regimens available today. Narcotic analgesics, such asmorphine, are sparingly prescribed for chronic pain because of thewell-known addictive effects and central nervous system (CNS) sideeffects and gastrointestinal side effects resulting from their singleadministration.

Another concern of the current pain treatment regimens relates to theireffectiveness. Many single active ingredients such as antidepressantagents or GABA analogs employed in current pain relief regimens cannotachieve adequate pain alleviation even at their maximum approvedtherapeutic doses in certain severe pain states. In addition to notachieving adequate pain alleviation, increasing the drug dose mayproduce an increase in unwanted side effects such as cognitiveimpairment, nausea, and constipation.

Furthermore, other concerns of GABA analogs and many narcotic analgesicsrelate to their less favorable pharmacokinetic and physiologicalproperties. Many orally administrated opioid molecules are extensivelymetabolized by digestive organs before reaching systemic circulation.Rapid systemic clearance and saturable absorption of some of the GABAanalogs have limited these drugs to reach their full potential intreatment of pain and other CNS disorders. These sub-optimal propertiesoften lead to less than adequate efficacy and unwanted side effects inpatients.

Sustained released formulations are a conventional method to address theissue of rapid systemic clearance, as it is well known to those skilledin the art (e.g., “Remingtion's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” PhiladelphiaCollege of Pharmacy and Science, 17^(th) Edition, 1985). GABA analogs,such as baclofen, gabapentin and pregabalin are not absorbed through thelarge intestine. Rather, these compounds are typically absorbed in thesmall intestine by the neutral amino transporter systems (Jezyk et al.,Pharm. Res., 1999, 16, 519-526). The rapid passage of conventional tracthas prevented the successful application of sustained release approachto these GABA analogs.

In view of these concerns, it is evident that there is a need for animproved pain regimen that provides an improved therapeutic benefit(i.e., reduced severity and/or frequency of pain) and/or reduces theincidence of unwanted side effects caused by many of the currentregimens. In addition, improving pharmacokinetic profile of GABA analogswill also lead to more customized dosing regimens according to patients'need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound comprising afirst moiety and a second moiety, the first moiety being covalentlylinked via an amino terminus or an acidic terminus other than acarboxylic acid group to the second moiety, wherein the first moiety isγ-aminobytyric acid (GABA) or an analog or derivative of GABA. Inanother aspect, the present invention provides a compound comprising afirst moiety and a second moiety, the first moiety being covalentlylinked via a carboxylic acid group to the second moiety, and an aminoterminus of the first moiety is linked to a protection group, whereinthe first moiety is GABA or an analog or derivative of GABA. The presentinvention also embodies a pharmaceutical composition comprising thecompound of the invention disclosed herein and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preventingor treating a disorder, the method comprising administering to a subjectin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of theinvention. In some embodiments, the compound used in the method oftreatment comprises a first moiety and a second moiety, the first moietybeing covalently linked via an amino terminus or an acidic terminusother than a carboxylic acid group to the second moiety, wherein thefirst moiety is GABA or an analog or derivative of GABA. In otherembodiments, the compound used in the method of treatment comprises afirst moiety and a second moiety, the first moiety being covalentlylinked via a carboxylic acid group to the second moiety, and an aminoterminus of the first moiety is linked to a protection group, whereinthe first moiety is GABA or an analog or derivative of GABA. In stillother embodiments, the method comprises administering to a subject inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceuticalcomposition of the invention. Such pharmaceutical composition comprisesthe compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method forreducing an adverse effect associated with a treatment of a disorder,the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention. In someembodiments, the compound comprises a first moiety and a second moiety,the first moiety being covalently linked via an amino terminus or anacidic terminus other than a carboxylic acid group to the second moiety,wherein the first moiety is GABA or an analog or derivative of GABA. Inother embodiments, the compound comprises a first moiety and a secondmoiety, the first moiety being covalently linked via a carboxylic acidgroup to the second moiety, and an amino terminus of the first moiety islinked to a protection group, wherein the first moiety is GABA or ananalog or derivative of GABA. In still other embodiments, the method forreducing an adverse effect associated with a treatment of a disordercomprises administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Suchpharmaceutical composition comprises the compound of the invention and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In still another aspect, the present invention provides a method forenhancing the therapeutic efficacy of a treatment of a disorder, themethod comprising administering to a subject in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention. In someembodiments, the compound comprises a first moiety and a second moiety,the first moiety being covalently linked via an amino terminus or anacidic terminus other than a carboxylic acid group to the second moiety,wherein the first moiety is GABA or an analog or derivative of GABA. Inother embodiments, the compound comprises a first moiety and a secondmoiety, the first moiety being covalently linked via a carboxylic acidgroup to the second moiety, and an amino terminus of the first moiety islinked to a protection group, wherein the first moiety is GABA or ananalog or derivative of GABA. In still other embodiments, the method forenhancing the therapeutic efficacy of a treatment of a disordercomprises administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Suchpharmaceutical composition comprises the compound of the invention and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In practicing some aspects of the inventions disclosed herein, the firstmoiety of the compound is a GABA analog. In some embodiments, the firstmoiety is a baclofen, vigabatrin, gabapentin, or pregabalin, or aγ-amino-phosphinic acid derivative. In some embodiments, the secondmoiety is an analgesic drug, including but not limited to, anonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), an opioid, an anesthetics,a muscle relaxant, or an anti-depressant. In other embodiments, thesecond moiety is a γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), or an analog,derivative, or variant of GHB. The first and second moieties arepreferably linked via a covalent bond. Such covalent bond may be anester bond, an amide bond, an imine bond, a carbamate bond, a carbonatebond, a thioester bond, an acyloxycarbamate bond, an acyloxycarbonatebond, a phosphate bond, an acyloxyphosphate bond or mono-,di-alkylphosphoramidate bond. In some embodiments, the invention furthercomprises a linker that covalently links the first moiety to the secondmoiety. Such linker is preferably physiologically labile. In someembodiments, the invention further comprises a third moiety that isionically or covalently linked to the first moiety or second moiety ofthe compound. In other embodiments, the compound can be used incombination with at least one other therapeutic agent, which may be ananti-psychotic drug, an anxiolytic drug, an anti-depressant drug, ananti-convulsive drug, an antiparkinsonian drug, an acetylcholineesterase inhibitor, a MAO inhibitor, a selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitor (SSRI), an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) antagonist, or aselective noradrenalin replace inhibitor. Such other therapeutic agentmay be administered prior to, concomitant with or subsequent toadministering the compound of the present invention. In someembodiments, the present invention also provides a protection grouplinked to the amino terminus of the first moiety, e.g. a GABA analog.The protection group may be an amino acid, an imine, a carbamate, anN-dithiasuccinimide, a mono- or di-alkylphosphoramidate, or anacyloxycarbamate. Preferably, the protection group is cleavable from theamino group of the first moiety following administration to a subject.

The present invention also provides methods for use in the treatment ofa disorder, for reducing side effects induced by the compound of theinvention, and for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of the compound ofthe invention. In practicing any of the subject methods disclosedherein, preferably the disorder being treated is a pain or aneurological disorder. In some embodiments, the pain is an acute,chronic, or inflammatory pain. In other embodiments, the neurologicaldisorder is an anxiety disorder, a depression, a dissociative disorder,a personality disorder, a cognitive disorder, a mood disorder, anaffective disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a convulsive disorder,Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia,paranoia, psychosis, Huntington's disease, Gilles de Ia Tourette'ssyndrome, faintness attacks, hypokinesia, cranial disorders,neurodegenerative disorders, panic, insomnia, addictive disorders, or arestless leg syndrome. In certain embodiments, the subject is an animal,preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. In some embodiments,administering the compound or the pharmaceutical composition of theinvention results in at least one less side effect as compared toadministering the individual moiety alone. In other embodiments,administering the compound or the pharmaceutical composition of theinvention results in enhanced therapeutic activity as compared toadministering the individual moiety alone. In certain embodiments, thecompound or the pharmaceutical composition is administered incombination with another agent. Such other agent can be administeredprior to, concomitant with, or subsequent to administering the compoundor the pharmaceutical composition of the invention.

Further provided in the present invention is a kit for preventing ortreating pain or a neurological disorder in a subject, the kitcomprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutical compositionof a compound of the invention, and instructions for using the kit. Insome embodiments, the subject is an animal, preferably a human. In otherembodiments, the kit further comprises at least one other agent for usein the treatment of pain or a neurological disorder, for reducing sideeffects induced by the compound of the invention, and/or for enhancingthe therapeutic efficacy of the compound of the invention.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides a GABA-Drug conjugate comprisingat least two moieties that are linked through a covalent bond. The firstmoiety of the conjugate preferably comprises a GABA analog. In someembodiments, the second moiety of the conjugate comprises an analgesicdrug. In other embodiments, the second moiety of the conjugate comprisesgamma (γ)-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). The analgesics of the second moietyof the conjugate can include, but are not limited to, narcotics, NSAIDs,antidepressants, anesthetics, muscle relaxants, gamma-hydroxybutyricacid, dual-acting opioids agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)receptor antagonists, and any pharmaceutical composition of the drugsmentioned herein. The present invention also provides methods forsynthesizing and producing these GABA-Drug conjugates.

Further, the present invention includes methods for using the GABA-Drugconjugates of the invention and pharmaceutical composition of theGABA-Drug conjugates for treating and/or preventing disorders.

The present invention of GABA-Drug conjugates preferably providespharmaceutical advantages of use in medicine. First, these GABA-Drugconjugates are labile in vivo, cleaved by either enzymatic or chemicalpathway to generate substantial quantities of a GABA analog and a druge.g. an analgesic selected from narcotics, NSAIDs, antidepressants,dual-acting opioids, anesthetics, muscle relaxants, andgamma-hydroxybutyric acid upon reaching the systemic circulation.Second, each individual moiety of the GABA-Drug conjugate, upon cleavagein vivo, targets a different or non-overlapping biological target thatis relevant for the treatment sought, for example, treatment for pain orneurological disorder. Thus, the GABA-Drug conjugate, upon cleavage invivo, is able to target more than one biological target and elicitadditive or synergistic biological effects, resulting in enhancedtherapeutic efficacy. The linkers released from the GABA-Drug conjugateare generally non-toxic when administered to a subject with anappropriate dosing regimen.

Examples of an acidic group include, but are not limited to, phosphicacid, phosphonic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid or carboxylic acid;and the like. An amino terminus is also known as the N-terminus,NH₂-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus. These terms are usedinterchangeably herein. Amino terminus includes the end of a protein orpolypeptide terminated by an amino acid with a free amine group (—NH₂).A bridged cycloalkyl includes a radical comprising

-   -   wherein:    -   A is (CR³⁵R³⁶)_(b);    -   R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting        of hydrogen and methyl;    -   R³³ and R³⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting        of hydrogen and methyl;    -   b is an integer from 1 to 4; and    -   c is an integer from 0 to 2.

Examples of GABA analogs include but are not limited to the followingstructures:

wherein:

R is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl or R and R₄together with the atoms to which they are attached form an azetidine,substituted azetidine, pyrrolidine or substituted pyrrolidine ring;

R₄ and R₅ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl; and

R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, aryl,substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl,substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl,heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substitutedheteroarylalkyl or optionally, R⁴ and R⁵ together with the carbon atomto which they are attached form a cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl and bridged cycloalkylring.

R₁ and R₂₃ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalky.

The compounds of the invention may contain one or more chiral centersand/or double bonds and therefore, may exist as stereoisomers, such asdouble-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers ordiastereomers. Accordingly, the chemical structures depicted hereinencompass all possible enantiomers and stereoisomers of the illustratedcompounds including but not limited to the stereoisomerically pure form(e.g., geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure or diastereomericallypure) and enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures. Enantiomeric andstereoisomeric mixtures can be resolved into their component enantiomersor stereoisomers using separation techniques or chiral synthesistechniques well known to the skilled artisan. The compounds of theinvention may also exist in several tautomeric forms including but notlimited to the enol form, the keto form and mixtures thereof.Accordingly, the chemical structures depicted herein encompass allpossible tautomeric forms of the illustrated compounds. The compounds ofthe invention also include, but are not limited to, isotopically labeledcompounds where one or more atoms have an atomic mass different from theatomic mass conventionally found in nature. Examples of isotopes thatmay be incorporated into the compounds of the invention include, but arenot limited to, ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F and³⁶Cl. Further, it should be understood, when partial structures of thecompounds of the invention are illustrated, that brackets indicate thepoint of attachment of the partial structure to the rest of themolecule.

In one aspect, the second moiety of the invention, for example, a drug,is typically attached to the gamma-amino group of the first moiety, e.g.a GABA analog. The two moieties may be directly attached through thegamma-amino group of a GABA analog to form the following linkersincluding, but not limited to, carboxylic amide, phosphonic amide,phosphinic amide, sulphonic amide, sulphinic amide, and imine, or mayoptionally be linked through a linker “X” which may be cleaved in vivo.In another aspect, the second moiety of the invention is attached to thefirst moiety, for example, a GABA analog, via the acidic group of thefirst moiety. The acidic group as used herein includes, but is notlimited to, carboxylic acid, phosphic acid and sulfinic acid group. Thesecond moiety of the conjugate is covalently linked to the acidic groupof the first moiety to form the following linkers including but notlimited to carboxylate, thio-esters, phosphinate, sulfinate, andcarboxylic amide. Alternatively, the two moieties may optionally belinked through a linker “Z” that may be cleaved in vivo.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides the GABA-Drugconjugate of Formulas (I) and (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate and isotope,wherein:

t is 0 or 1;

X is defined as a covalent bond via a linker between a drug and a GABAanalog that is selected from the group consisting of the following:

Z is defined as a covalent bond via a linker between a drug and a GABAanalog that is selected from the group consisting of the following:

R₁ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substitutedarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl,substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl,heteraryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substitutedheteroarylalkyl;

R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and substitutedheteroarylalkyl or optionally, R₂ and R₃ together with the carbon atomto which they are attached form a cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cyclohetereoalkyl or bridged cycloalkylring;

R₄ and R₅ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl;

R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl,substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloalkoxycarbonyl, substituted cycloalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryl,substituted heteroaryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl,heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl or optionally, R₄ and R₅together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substitutedcyclohetereoalkyl or bridged cycloalkyl ring;

R₂₀ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, substitutedacyl, acylamino, substituted acylamino, alkylamino, substitutedalkylamino, alklysulfinyl, substituted alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl,substituted alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio,alkoxycarbonyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy,carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl,substituted cycloheteroalkyl, dialkylamino, substituted dialkylamino,halo, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl,heteroalkyloxy, substituted heteroalkyloxy, heteroaryloxy andsubstituted heteroaryloxy, or optionally;

R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, acyl, substituted acyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl,substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl,heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl oroptionally R₂₀ and R₂₁ together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl orsubstituted cycloheteroalkyl ring.

In another aspect, the second moiety of the invention is attached to thefirst moiety, for example, a GABA analog, via the C (carboxyl)-terminusof the first moiety, and the N (amino) terminus of the first moiety isattached to a protection group “P”. In some embodiments, the GABA-Drugconjugate of the present invention has the Formula (III)

wherein

R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and substitutedheteroarylalkyl or optionally, R₂ and R₃ together with the carbon atomto which they are attached form a cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cyclohetereoalkyl and bridged cycloalkylring;

R₄ and R₅ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substitutedheteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl;

Z is defined as a covalent bond via a linker between a drug and a GABAanalog that is selected from the group consisting of the following:

P is defined as an amino acid, an imine, a carbamate, anN-dithiasuccinimide, a mono- or di-alkyl phosphoramidate,acyloxycarbamate.

I. First Moiety: GABA and GABA Analogs

In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition for treatingpain or a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, the first moietyof the composition is a GABA analog.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is one of the inhibitoryneurotransmitters in the central nervous system of mammals. It acts atinhibitory synapses in the brain by binding to specific transmembranereceptors in the plasma membrane of both pre- and postsynaptic neuronalprocesses. This binding causes the opening of ion channels to allow theflow of either negatively charged chloride ions into the cell orpositively charged potassium ions out of the cell. This action resultsin a negative change in the transmembrane potential, usually resultingin hyper-polarization. Three general GABA receptors have beenidentified, GABA_(A), GABA_(B) and GABA_(C). GABA_(A) and GABA_(C) areionotropic receptors, whereas GABA_(B) is a G protein coupledmetabotropic receptor. Low levels of GABA have been linked to manydiseases including but not limited to epileptic seizures, multiplesclerosis, action tremors, panic, anxiety, and depression.

The role that GABA plays in various disease states has stimulatedinterests in preparing GABA analogs that have better pharmaceuticalproperties as compared to GABA, which lacks blood brain barrierpenetration. Accordingly, a number of GABA analogs have been synthesizedin the art (Satzinger et al., U.S. pat. No. 4,04,175; Silverman et al.,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,563,175; 6,028,214; 6,117,906; InternationalPublication No. WO92/09560; 93/23383; Horwell et al., U.S. Pat. No.6,020,370; International Publication No. WO97/29101, 97/33858; 97/33859;Bryans et al., International Publication No. WO 99/31057; 99/31075;99/61424; 00/15511; 00/31020; 00/50027; 02/00209; Guglietta et al.International Publication No. WO 99/08671).

A number of GABA analogs have been identified. These GABA analogsinclude but are not limited to baclofen [Formula IV (a)], vigabatrin[Formula IV (b)], gabapentin [Formula IV (c)], and pregabalin [FormulaIV (d)] as shown below. Unlike GABA itself, these GABA derivatives notonly can pass through the blood-brain barrier likely by active transportmechanism, but also demonstrate pharmaceutical utilities clinically.Baclofen is a GABA_(B) agonist that is clinically used for the treatmentof spastic movement or relief of pain, especially in instances of spinalcord injury, spastic diplegia, multiple sclerosis and trigeminalneuralgia. Vigabatrin is an anti-convulsant that has been used as anadjunctive treatment for diseases such as epilepsy and complex partialseizures. Among GABA analogs, gabapentin and pregabalin were originallydeveloped for the treatment of epilepsy, but have been proven to beeffective to relieve chronic pain, especially neuropathic pain such asdiabetic neuropathic pain and postherpetic neuralgia. Gabapentin andpregabalin have also shown effectiveness in fibromyalgia treatment.Gabapentin and pregabalin are in general well tolerated in mostpatients, have relatively mild side effect profile, minimum metabolismand drug-drug interaction. Gabapentin and pregabalin seem to haveminimum interaction with GABA receptors. Studies suggest that theneuropathic pain alleviation action is mediated through alpha-2-deltasubunit of the voltage-gated N-type calcium ion channel, a high affinitybinding site in neuronal membranes (Rose, M. A. et al, Anesthesia, 2002,57(5), 451-462). This subunit has been implicated in the maintenance ofmechanical hypersensitivity in models of neuropathic pain. Calcium ionsenable vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with thepresynaptic membrane, an action that promotes the release ofneurotransmitters that inhibit the synaptic cleft. Both gabapentin andpregabalin probably exert their therapeutic effects by blocking calciuminflux via alpha-2-delta receptor and reducing the release ofneurotransmitters that transmit nociceptive signals between neurons. Invitro findings suggest that gabapentin may reduce presynaptic release ofexcitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate and norepinephrine.

Combination therapy using GABA analogs (e.g. gabapentin, pregabalin andbaclofen) with other analgesics such as narcotics, dual-acting opioidsanalgesics, NSAIDs, antidepressants, NMDA antagonists results inimprovement in chronic pain control. When administered together, GABAanalogs and these analgesics can interact in a synergistic or additivemanner to control chronic pain. This synergy can potentially allow areduction in the dose required of each compound, leading to a reductionin the side effects, and enhancement of the clinical utility of thesecompounds. The analgesic effects can be enhanced by co-administration ofGABA analogs (gabapentine, pregabalin and baclofen) together withopioids such as morphine (Keskinbora K. J. of Pain and SymptomManagement 2007, 34(2), 183-189; Kazi, J. A., Gee, C. F. J. Mol.Neurosci. 2007, 32, 47-52; Berger, A.; et al. Clinical Therapeutics2003, 25(11), 2809-2821; Eckhardt, K. et al. Anesth Analg 2000, 91,185-191; Granados-Soto, V. et al. Pharmacology 2005, 74, 200-208;Tiippana, E. M.; et al. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2007, 104(6), 1545-1556;Codd. E. E.; et al. Pain 2008, 134, 254-262). It has also been reportedin accordance with the present invention that analgesic effects can beenhanced by the co-administration of GABA analogs (gabapentin,pregabalin) together with NSAIDs or NMDA receptor antagonists (Yoon, M.H. et al., Anesthesiology 1999, 91(4), 1006-1013; Hurley, R. W., et al.,2002, 97(5), 1263-1273; Durmus, M. et al., Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007,51, 299-304; Ryan, M. et al., International Patent No. WO99/12537).

Despite the benefit of using co-administration of GABA analogs and otheranalgesics, these regimens have disadvantages: 1) rapid systemicclearance of GABA analogs including but not limited to gabapentin,pregabalin and baclofen, which consequently requires frequent dosing tomaintain a therapeutic or prophylactic concentration in the systemiccirculation; 2) inter-patient variability due to the saturation ofabsorption of gabapentin at higher doses (1.8-3.6 g/d in divided doses);3) minimum absorption in large intestine which limits the sustainedreleased formulation solution; 4) GI toxicity caused by analgesics, e.g.NSAIDs; and 5) extensive first pass metabolism for some of the narcoticanalgesics such as morphine.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a novel GABA-drugconjugate which has a new chemical entity that preferably has severaldistinct advantages over the above mentioned treatment regimens. In someembodiments, the GABA-drug conjugate may be absorbed in large intestine.As a result, the dosing frequency can be reduced by using sustainedrelease formulations. In other embodiments, the GABA-Drug conjugatealters the absorption mechanism of GABA analogs, likely through passivediffusion, and may provide more predictive pharmacokinetic andtherapeutic outcome among patients. In further embodiments, byoptimizing the linker between the first moiety, e.g. a GABA analog, andthe second moiety, e.g. an analgesic, the rate of release of the activedrugs (i.e. the active form of GABA analog and the active form of theanalgesic) from the GABA-drug conjugate can be optimized. As a result,some of the GI liability such as the first pass metabolism or GI sideeffects may be reduced as compared to dosing of the parent drugs. Thepresent invention also encompasses a GABA-analgesic conjugate, forexample, a GABA-NSAID conjugate.

Administering the GABA-NSAID conjugate of the present invention maypotentially prevent, reduce, and/or treat gastrointestinal damagescaused by NSAID.

II. Second Moiety

In some embodiments, the second moiety of the composition of the presentinvention is an analgesic drug.

A. Analgesics

An analgesic is any member of the group of drugs used to relieve pain.Analgesic drugs act in various ways in the peripheral and centralnervous systems. There are several classes of analgesics, which include,but are not limited to, paracetamol (acetaminophen), the non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the Naproxen, narcotic drugssuch as morphine and opiates, synthetic drugs with narcotic propertiessuch as tramadol, and various others.

The choice of analgesia is determined by the severity and response toother medication, and is also determined by the type of pain. Forexample, for neuropathic pain, traditional analgesia is less effective,and there is often benefit from classes of drugs that are not normallyconsidered analgesics, such as tricyclic antidepressants andanticonvulsants.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs or NAIDs), sometimes alsoreferred to as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents/analgesics(NSAIAs) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs), aredrugs with analgesic, antipyretic and, in higher doses,anti-inflammatory effects. NSAIDs can reduce pain, fever andinflammation. The term “non-steroidal” is used to distinguish thesedrugs from steroids, which have a similar eicosanoid-depressing,anti-inflammatory effect. As analgesics, NSAIDs are non-narcotic. NSAIDsinclude but are not limited to diclofenac, etodolac, indomethacin,sulindac, tolmetin, nabumetone, piroxicam, acetaminophen, fenoprofen,flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, oxaprozin, aspirin,choline magnesium trisalicylate, diflunisal, meclofenamic acid,mefenamic acid, phenylbutazone, fluocinolone acetonide, prednisolone,prednisolone tertiary-butylacetate, dexamethasone, or prodrugs or activemetabolites thereof. The most prominent members of this group of drugsare aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) hasnegligible anti-inflammatory activity, and is not an NSAID.

Most NSAIDs act as non-selective inhibitors of the enzymecyclooxygenase, inhibiting both the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) andcyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoenzymes. Cyclooxygenase catalyzes theformation of prostaglandins and thromboxane from arachidonic acid.Prostaglandins act as messengers in the process of inflammation. NSAIDsare usually indicated for the treatment of acute or chronic conditionswhere pain and inflammation are present. COX2 inhibitors include but arenot limited to rofecoxib (VIOXX®, or4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-3-phenyl-2(5H)-furanone), celecoxib(CELEBREX®, or4-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide),and valdecoxib (BEXTRA®, and 4-(5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl)benzenesulfonamide).

NSAIDs are generally indicated for the symptomatic relief of conditionsincluding but not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,inflammatory arthropathies, acute gout, dysmenorrhoea, metastatic bonepain, headache and migraine, postoperative pain, mild-to-moderate paindue to inflammation and tissue injury, pyrexia (fever), ileus, and renalcolic.

The two main adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with NSAIDs relateto gastrointestinal (GI) effects and renal effects of the agents. Theseeffects are dose-dependent, and in many cases severe enough to pose therisk of ulcer perforation, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and death,limiting the use of NSAID therapy. An estimated 10-20% of NSAID patientsexperience dyspepsia, and NSAID-associated upper gastrointestinaladverse events are estimated to result in 103,000 hospitalizations and16,500 deaths per year in the United States, and represent 43% ofdrug-related emergency visits.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a composition that mayreduce the side effects associated with the traditional analgesics andincrease the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment.

Narcotic Analgesics

There are two types of narcotic analgesics: the opiates and the opioids(derivatives of opiates). Opiates are the alkaloids found in opiumincluding but not limited to morphine, codeine and thebaine. Opioids areany medication which bind to opioid receptors in the central nervoussystem or gastointestinal tract. There are four broad classes ofopioids: endogenous opioid peptides (produced in the body: endorphins,dynorphins, enkephalins); opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine);semi-synthetic opioids (heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, dihydrocodeine,hydromorphone, oxymorphone, nicomorphine); and fully synthetic opioids(pethidine or Demerol, methadone, fentanyl, propoxyphene, pentazocine,buprenorphine, butorphanol, tramadol, and more).

Opioids are used in medicine as strong analgesics, for relief of severeor chronic pain. There is no upper limit for the dosage of opioids usedto achieve pain relief, but the dose must be increased gradually toallow for the development of tolerance to adverse effects (for example,respiratory depression). There have been debates over the addictivepotential of opioids vs. the benefit of their analgesic properties fortreating non-malignant chronic pain, such as chronic arthritis. Thereare many side effects and adverse reactions associated with usage ofnarcotic analgesics. The common side effects include but are not limitedto nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dry mouth, miosis (contraction of thepupil), orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, constipation and/orfecal impaction.

Psychotropic Agents

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and some other cannabinoids, either from theCannabis sativa plant or synthetic, have analgesic properties. Otherpsychotropic analgesic agents include but are not limited to ketamine(an NMDA receptor antagonist), clonidine and other α₂-adrenoreceptoragonists, mexiletine and other local anesthetic analogues.

Atypical and/or Adjuvant Analgesics

Orphenadrine, cyclobenzaprine, scopolamine, atropine, gabapentin,first-generation antidepressants and other drugs possessinganticholinergic and/or antispasmodic properties are used in many casesalong with analgesics to potentiate centrally acting analgesics such asopioids when used against pain especially of neuropathic origin and tomodulate the effects of many other types of analgesics by action in theparasympathetic nervous system. Tricyclic antidepressants, especiallyamitriptyline, have been shown to improve pain. The exact mechanism ofcarbamazepine, gabapentin and pregabalin is unclear, but theseanticonvulsants are used to treat neuropathic pain with modest success.Dextromethorphan has been noted to slow the development of tolerance toopioids and exert additional analgesia by acting upon the NMDAreceptors; some analgesics such as methadone and ketobemidone andperhaps piritramide have intrinsic NMDA action. Strong liquor has beenused in the past as an agent for dulling pain, due to the CNS depressanteffects of ethyl alcohol. However, the ability of alcohol to treat painis inferior to virtually all analgesics used today (e.g. morphine,codeine).

The use of adjuvant analgesics is a growing part of the pain-controlfield. Many of these drugs combat the side effects of opioid analgesics.For example, antihistamines including orphenadrine combat the release ofhistamine caused by many opioids, methylphenidate, caffeine, ephedrine,dextroamphetamine, and cocaine work against heavy sedation and mayelevate mood in distressed patients as do the antidepressants. Awell-accepted benefit of THC to chronic pain patients on opioids is itssuperior anti-nauseant action.

B. GHB

In other embodiments, the second moiety of the composition of thepresent invention is gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) or any analog,derivative, or variant of GHB. GHB is a naturally-occurring substancefound in the central nervous system, wine, beef, small citrus fruits,and almost all animals in small amounts. GHB is naturally produced inthe human body's cells and is structurally related to the ketone bodybeta-hydroxybutyrate. It is also a neuroprotective therapeutic nutrientthat is categorized as an illegal drug in a number of countries. It iscurrently regulated in the US and used to treat cataplexy and excessivedaytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy. As a supplement/drug, itis used most commonly in the form of a salt. GHB is also produced as aresult of fermentation.

GHB has at least two distinct binding sites in the central nervoussystem. GHB is an agonist of GHB receptor, which is excitatory, (Wu Y,et. al., 2004, Neuropharmacology 47 (8): 1146-56.) and it is a weakagonist at the GABA_(B) receptor, which is inhibitory. GHB is probablysynthesized from GABA in GABAergic neurons, and released when theneurons fire.

If taken orally, GABA by itself crosses the blood-brain-barrier verypoorly, nor do high concentrations very effectively reach the GABAreceptors once inside the brain. Since GABA is naturally synthesized inthe brain, a higher than normal concentration would be quicklymetabolized. However, at pharmacological doses, GHB reaches much higherconcentrations in the brain and activates GABA_(B) receptors, which areprimarily responsible for its sedative effects (Dimitrijevic N, et. al.2005, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 519 (3): 246-52). GHB's sedative effects areblocked by GABA_(B) antagonists.

Activation of both the GHB receptor and GABA_(B) is responsible for theaddictive profile of GHB. GHB's effect on dopamine release is biphasic,and low concentrations stimulate dopamine release via the GHB receptor.Higher concentrations inhibit dopamine release via GABA_(B) receptors asdo other GABA_(B) agonists such as baclofen and phenibut (Maitre M, et.al. 1990, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 255 (2): 657-63; Smolders I, et. al.,1995 Eur. J. Pharmacol. 284 (1-2): 83-91). After the initial phase ofinhibition, dopamine release is then increased via the GHB receptor.Both the inhibition and increase of dopamine release by GHB areinhibited by opioid antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone.

Other prodrug ester forms of GHB include but are not limited to1,4-diacetoxybutane, methyl-4-acetoxybutanoate andethyl-4-acetoxybutanoate. These prodrugs of GHB presumably have delayedonset and longer duration of action. The intermediate compound4-hydroxybutaldehyde is also a prodrug for GHB.

GHB can be made from ingredients such as GBL (gamma-butyrolactone), asolvent commonly used as a paint stripper, or butanediol(1,4-butanediol), a chemical used in the production of plastics andadhesives. Both GBL and butanediol are metabolized into GHB in the body.

It should be noted that the present invention encompasses GHB, anyanalog, derivative, prodrug form, or any other suitable variant of GHB.

III. Synthesis of GABA-Drug Conjugates

The GABA-Drug conjugates of the invention may be obtained via thesynthetic methods illustrated in Schemes 1-8. Those of skill in the artwill appreciate that a preferred synthetic route to the GABA-Drugconjugates of the invention consists of linking an analgesic drugselected from narcotics, NSAIDs, dual-acting opioid analgesics,antidepressant, γ-butyric acid and NMDA receptor antagonists to a GABAanalog. Numerous methods have been described in the art for thesynthesis of GABA analogs (Satzinger et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,024,175;Silverman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,175; U.S. Pat. No. 6,028,214; U.S.Pat. No. 6,117,906; Silverman et al., International Publication WO92/09560; No. WO 93/23383; Horwell et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,370; U.S.Pat. No. 6,103,932; Horwell et al., International Publication No. WO97/29101; WO 97/33858; WO 97/33859; Bryans et al., InternationalPublication No. WO 98/17627; WO 99/21824; WO 99/31057; WO 99/31075; WO99/61424; WO 00/15611; WO 00/31020; WO 00/50027; Guglietta et al.,International Publication No. WO 99/08671; Belliotti et al.,International Publication No. WO 99/31074). Other methods are known inthe art for synthesizing GABA analogs, which are readily accessible tothe skilled artisan. The analgesics described herein, are known in theart and may be prepared according to the known procedures. The art oflinking an analgesic molecule containing various functional groups (e.g.carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, thiol, amine, sulfonamide) to a GABA analogis also well known by established procedures (See e.g., Green et al.,“Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, (Wiley, 2^(nd) ed. 1991);Harrison et al., “Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods”, Vols. 1-8(John Wiley and Sons, 1971-1996); “Beilstein Handbook of OrganicChemistry,” Beilstein Institute of Organic Chemistry, Frankfurt,Germany; Feiser et al., “Reagents for Organic Synthesis,” Volumes 1-17,Wiley Interscience; Trost et al., “Comprehensive Organic Synthesis,”Pergamon Press, 1991; “Theilheimer's Synthetic Methods of OrganicChemistry,” Volumes 1-45, Karger, 1991; March, “Advanced OrganicChemistry,” Wiley Interscience, 1991; Larock “Comprehensive OrganicTransformations,” VCH Publishers, 1989; Paquette, “Encyclopedia ofReagents for Organic Synthesis,” John Wiley & Sons, 1995, Bodanzsky,“Principles of Peptide Synthesis,” Springer Verlag, 1984; Bodanzsky,“Practice of Peptide Synthesis,” Springer Verlag, 1984).

Accordingly, starting materials useful for preparing compounds of theinvention and intermediates thereof are commercially available or can beprepared by well-known synthetic methods. Other methods for synthesis ofthe GABA-Drug conjugates described herein are either described in theart or will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan in view of thereferences provided hereinabove and may be used to synthesize theGABA-Drug conjugates of the invention. Accordingly, the methodspresented in the Schemes described herein are illustrative rather thancomprehensive.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a GABA-drug conjugate inwhich the first moiety of the conjugate e.g. a GABA analog is linked viaan amino or N-terminus, or an acidic terminus other than a carboxylicacid group of the first moiety to the second moiety, e.g. a drug. Insome embodiments, the first moiety is linked via the amino-terminus tothe second moiety. In other embodiments, the first moiety is linked tothe second moiety via an acidic group including but not limited to aphosphic acid group and a sulfinic acid group. In some instances, GABAanalogs undergo intra-molecular cyclization of the gamma amino groupwith the carboxyl functionality to form gamma-lactam, which is a cyclicamide, especially when carboxyl group is protected by esters. Formationof this side product, a lactam, may potentially generate toxicity invivo. Therefore, in some embodiments, linking the two moieties throughthe amino group will potentially minimize side effects by reducing orpreventing the formation of lactams in vivo as well as during thesynthesis of the conjugate.

In any of the Schemes below, after the amino group of a GABA analog hasbeen linked to a second moiety, which may be an analgesic drug or otherprotecting group, the carboxylic acid group may be converted to an esteror thioester by many synthetic methods, which are well-known to theskilled artisan. In one preferred embodiment, GABA analogs may bereacted with an alcohol or thiol in the presence of a coupling reagent(e.g., carbodiimide and dimethylaminopyridine) to provide the ester. Inanother preferred embodiment, GABA analogs may be reacted with an alkylhalide in the presence of base to yield the ester. Other methods forconverting GABA analogs to esters or thioesters are well within thepurview of the skilled artisan in view of the references providedherein.

As illustrated above in Scheme 1, a drug containing carboxylic acids canbe directly coupled to the terminal amino group of a GABA analogderivative (1) to provide adducts (2). Reagents for effecting thisreaction are well known to the skilled artisan and include, but are notlimited to, carbodiimides, aminium salts, phosphonium salts, and thelike. Alternatively, reaction of carboxylic acid from drug can beactivated by forming acyl chlorides, anhydrides followed with GABAanalogs (1) in the presence of a base (e.g., hydroxide, tertiary amines,etc.) may be used to synthesize (2).

As illustrated in Scheme 2, GABA analog derivatives (1) and drug thatcontains hydroxyl moiety may be linked through carbamate orthiocarbamate linker by first reacting alcohol with phosgene,diimidazole carbamate or di-p-nitrophenyl carbonate in the presence of abase, followed by addition of GABA analogs under basic condition.Alternatively, the well-known addition of alcohols to isocyanates (4) orthioisocyanate (5) may also be used to synthesize (3) and (6).

One method for synthesis of GABA-Drug conjugate of Formula (8) isillustrated in Scheme 3. Choroformate is first treated with an aromaticleaving group such as p-nitrophenol in the presence of a base to providep-nitrophenylcarbonate which the reacts with drugs containing carboxylicacid in the presence of sodium iodide and a base (tertiary amines,Cs₂CO₃, Ag₂CO₃) to afford compound (7). Treatment of the intermediate(7) with GABA analogs in the presence of a base leads to the formationof GABA-Drug conjugate of formula (8).

The synthesis of GABA-Drug conjugate of Formula (10) is illustrated inScheme 4. Choroformate is first treated with a GABA analog in thepresence of a base to provide intermediate (9), which then reacts withdrugs containing hydroxyl group in the presence of sodium iodide and abase to afford the final GABA-Drug conjugate (10).

A method for synthesis of GABA-Drug conjugate with Formula (14) isillustrated in Scheme 5. A drug containing a hydroxyl function firstreacts with choroformate (or other active carbamate or carbonate) in thepresence of a base. Halide interchange provide intermediate (13), whichreacts with GABA analogs under basic condition in the presence of carbondioxide to afford the final GABA-Drug conjugate with formula (14).

A method for synthesis of GABA-Drug conjugate with Formula (17) isillustrated in Scheme 6. An activated choroformate (or other activecarbamate or carbonate) derived from a drug is reacted with α-hydroxyalkyl acetate in the presence of a base to provide carbonate. The esteris then removed to provide intermediate (15). The compound (15) reactswith halide substituted carbonate in the presence of a base and sodiumiodide to form compound (16). The compound (16) is then coupled with aGABA analog under basic condition to afford the final compound withformula (17).

The synthesis of GABA-Drug conjugate with Formula (18) is illustrated inScheme 7. An activated choroformate (or other active carbamate orcarbonate) derived from a drug is reacted with α-hydroxy alkyl acetateunder basic conditions, followed by removal of ester to provide compound(15). The ester in compound (15) is then coupled with a GABA analog toafford the final compound with formula (18).

In another aspect, the present invention provides a GABA-drug conjugatein which the first moiety of the conjugate e.g. a GABA analog is linkedvia the carboxyl, i.e. carboxlylic acid group, of the first moiety tothe second moiety, e.g. a drug, and the amino i.e. N-terminus of thefirst moiety is linked to a protection group. Such structure of theconjugate prevents or reduces the formation of lactam, which maycontribute to increased side effects and toxicity.

The protection group comprises an amino acid, an imine, a carbamate, anN-dithiasuccinimide, a mono- or di-alkyl phosphoramidate, or anacyloxycarbamate.

The synthesis of a GABA-Drug conjugate via the carboxyl group withFormula (21) is illustrated in Scheme 8. The starting GABA analog isfirst reacted with dialkyl phosphate chloride in the presence of a base.After deprotection of ester (19), the free carboxylic acid (20) is thenreacted with chloride under a basic condition to afford the final drugconjugate with the amino group protected to prevent lactam formation.

Linkers

In the present invention, the first moiety is covalently linked to thesecond moiety. In some embodiments, the two moieties are linked via alinker. Linkers that may be used in this invention include but are notlimited to the following:

The physiologically labile linkage may be any suitable linkage that islabile under physiological conditions approximating those found inphysiologic fluids, such as blood plasma. The linkage may be a directbond (for instance, an amide, ester, carbonate, carbamate,acyloxycarbamate, sufonate, or a sulfamate linkage) or may be a linkinggroup (for instance a C₁-C₁₂ dialcohol, a C₁-C₁₂ hydroxylalkanoic acid,a C₁-C₁₂ hydroxyalkylamine, a C₁-C₁₂ diacid, a C₁-C₁₂ aminoacid, or aC₁-C₁₂ diamine). Especially preferred linkages are direct amide, ester,carbonate, carbamate, and sulfamate linkages, and linkages via succinicacid, salicylic acid, diglycolic acid, oxa acids, oxamethylene, andhalides thereof. The linkages are labile under physiologic conditions,which generally means pH of about 6 to about 8. The lability of thelinkages depends upon the particular type of linkage, the precise pH andionic strength of the physiologic fluid, and the presence or absence ofenzymes that tend to catalyze hydrolysis reactions in vivo. In general,lability of the linkage in vivo is measured relative to the stability ofthe linkage when the compound has not been solubilized in a physiologicfluid. Thus, while some compounds according to the present invention maybe relatively stable in some physiologic fluids, nonetheless, they arerelatively vulnerable to hydrolysis in vivo (or in vitro, when dissolvedin physiologic fluids, whether naturally occurring or simulated) ascompared to when they are neat or dissolved in non-physiologic fluids(e.g. non-aqueous solvents such as acetone). Thus, the labile linkagesare such that, when the drug is dissolved in an aqueous solution,especially a physiologic fluid such as blood plasma, the reaction isdriven to the hydrolysis products.

While diacids, dialcohols, amino acids, and the like are described aboveas being suitable linkers, other linkers are encompassed within thepresent invention. For instance, while the hydrolysis product of acompound according to the present invention may comprise a diacid, theactual reagent used to make the linkage may be, for example, adiacylhalide, such as succinyl chloride, or an anhydride, such assuccinic anhydride or diglycolic anhydride. A person having skill in theart will recognize that other possible acid, alcohol, amino, sulfato,and sulfamoyl derivatives may be used as reagents to make thecorresponding linkage.

IV. Pharmaceutical Composition of the Invention

Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to formulations,routes of administration and effective doses for pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising a GABA-drug covalent conjugate or combination ofthe conjugates with other agents of the instant invention.

Compounds of the invention may be administered as pharmaceuticalformulations including those suitable for oral (including buccal andsub-lingual), rectal, nasal, topical, transdermal patch, pulmonary,vaginal, suppository, or parenteral (including intramuscular,intraarterial, intrathecal, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneousand intravenous) administration or in a form suitable for administrationby aerosolization, inhalation or insufflation. General information ondrug delivery systems can be found in Ansel et al., PharmaceuticalDosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (Lippencott Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore Md. (1999).

In various embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes carriersand excipients (including but not limited to buffers, carbohydrates,mannitol, proteins, polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine,antioxidants, bacteriostats, chelating agents, suspending agents,thickening agents and/or preservatives), water, oils including but notlimited to those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin,such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like,saline solutions, aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions, flavoringagents, coloring agents, detackifiers and other acceptable additives,adjuvants, or binders, other pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliarysubstances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such aspH buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, emulsifying agents,wetting agents and the like. Examples of excipients include, but are notlimited to, starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice,flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc,sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water,ethanol and the like. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticalpreparation is substantially free of preservatives. In otherembodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation may contain at least onepreservative. General methodology on pharmaceutical dosage forms isfound in Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug DeliverySystems (Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore Md. (1999)). It willbe recognized that, while any suitable carrier known to those ofordinary skill in the art may be employed to administer the compositionsof this invention, the type of carrier will vary depending on the modeof administration.

Compounds may also be encapsulated within liposomes using well-knowntechnology. Biodegradable microspheres may also be employed as carriersfor the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention. Suitablebiodegradable microspheres are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,897,268; 5,075,109; 5,928,647; 5,811,128; 5,820,883; 5,853,763;5,814,344 and 5,942,252.

The compound may be administered in liposomes or microspheres (ormicroparticles). Methods for preparing liposomes and microspheres foradministration to a patient are well known to those of skill in the art.U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,734, the contents of which are hereby incorporatedby reference, describes methods for encapsulating biological materialsin liposomes. Essentially, the material is dissolved in an aqueoussolution, the appropriate phospholipids and lipids added, along withsurfactants if required, and the material dialyzed or sonicated, asnecessary. A review of known methods is provided by G. Gregoriadis,Chapter 14, “Liposomes,” Drug Carriers in Biology and Medicine, pp.2.sup.87-341 (Academic Press, 1979).

Microspheres formed of polymers or proteins are well known to thoseskilled in the art, and can be tailored for passage through thegastrointestinal tract directly into the blood stream. Alternatively,the compound can be incorporated and the microspheres, or composite ofmicrospheres, implanted for slow release over a period of time rangingfrom days to months. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,906,474,4,925,673 and 3,625,214, and Jein, TIPS 19:155-157 (1998), the contentsof which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The concentration of drug may be adjusted, the pH of the solutionbuffered and the isotonicity adjusted to be compatible with intravenousinjection, as is well known in the art.

The compounds of the invention may be formulated as a sterile solutionor suspension, in suitable vehicles, well known in the art. Thepharmaceutical compositions may be sterilized by conventional,well-known sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. Theresulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, orlyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterilesolution prior to administration. Suitable formulations and additionalcarriers are described in Remington “The Science and Practice ofPharmacy” (20^(th) Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore Md.),the teachings of which are incorporated by reference in their entiretyherein.

The agents or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be providedalone or in combination with one or more other agents or with one ormore other forms. For example a formulation may comprise one or moreagents in particular proportions, depending on the relative potencies ofeach agent and the intended indication. For example, in compositions fortargeting two different host targets, and where potencies are similar,about a 1:1 ratio of agents may be used. The two forms may be formulatedtogether, in the same dosage unit e.g., in one cream, suppository,tablet, capsule, aerosol spray, or packet of powder to be dissolved in abeverage; or each form may be formulated in a separate unit, e.g., twocreams, two suppositories, two tablets, two capsules, a tablet and aliquid for dissolving the tablet, two aerosol sprays, or a packet ofpowder and a liquid for dissolving the powder, etc.

Typical pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those of the inorganicions, such as, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium ions,and the like. Such salts include salts with inorganic or organic acids,such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, nitricacid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid,acetic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid,malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid or maleic acid. In addition, ifthe agent(s) contain a carboxy group or other acidic group, it may beconverted into a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt withinorganic or organic bases. Examples of suitable bases include, but arenot limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia,cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexyl-amine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine,triethanolamine, and the like.

A pharmaceutically acceptable ester or amide includes, but is notlimited to, ethyl, methyl, isobutyl, ethylene glycol, and the like.Typical amides include, but are not limited to, unsubstituted amides,alkyl amides, dialkyl amides, and the like.

If necessary or desirable, the conjugate and/or combinations ofconjugates may be administered with other agents. The choice of agentsthat can be co-administered with the conjugate and/or combinations ofconjugates of the instant invention can depend, at least in part, on thecondition being treated. Agents of particular use in the formulations ofthe present invention include, but are not limited to, for example, anyagent having a therapeutic effect for pain, including, but not limitedto, e.g., drugs used to treat inflammatory conditions, depression,schizophrenia, insomnia, and anxiety.

The agent(s) (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or amidesthereof) may be administered per se or in the form of a pharmaceuticalcomposition wherein the active agent(s) is in an admixture or mixturewith one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. A pharmaceuticalcomposition, as used herein, may be any composition prepared foradministration to a subject. Pharmaceutical compositions for use inaccordance with the present invention may be formulated in conventionalmanner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, comprisingexcipients, diluents, and/or auxiliaries, e.g., which facilitateprocessing of the active agents into preparations that can beadministered. Proper formulation may depend at least in part upon theroute of administration chosen. The agent(s) useful in the presentinvention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or amidesthereof, can be delivered to a patient using a number of routes or modesof administration, including but not limited to oral, buccal, topical,rectal, transdermal, transmucosal, subcutaneous, intravenous, andintramuscular applications, as well as by inhalation.

Preferred compositions of the invention are formulated for oraldelivery, particularly for oral sustained release administration. Fororal administration, the GABA-drug conjugate can be formulated readilyby combining the active GABA-drug conjugate with pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable theGABA-drug conjugate of the invention to be formulated as tablets,including but not limited to chewable tablets, pills, dragees, capsules,lozenges, hard candy, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, powders,suspensions, elixirs, wafers, and the like, for oral ingestion by apatient to be treated. Such formulations can comprise pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers including but not limited to solid diluents orfillers, sterile aqueous media and various non-toxic organic solvents. Asolid carrier may be one or more substances which may also act asdiluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents,binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or anencapsulating material. In powders, the carrier generally is a finelydivided solid which is a mixture with the finely divided activecomponent. In tablets, the active component generally is mixed with thecarrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportionsand compacted in the shape and size desired. The powders and tabletspreferably contain from about one (1) to about seventy (70) percent ofthe active compound. Suitable carriers include but are not limited tomagnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin,dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.Generally, the agents of the invention will be included at concentrationlevels ranging from about 0.5%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, or about30% to about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80% or about 90% by weightof the total composition of oral dosage forms, in an amount sufficientto provide a desired unit of dosage. Moreover, in a tablet or pill form,the compositions may be coated to delay disintegration and absorption inthe gastrointestinal tract, thereby providing a sustained action over anextended period of time. Selectively permeable membranes surrounding anosmotically active driving compound are also suitable for orallyadministered compounds and compositions of the invention. In these laterplatforms, fluid from the environment surrounding the capsule is imbibedby the driving compound, which swells to displace the agent or agentcomposition through an aperture. These delivery platforms can provide anessentially zero order delivery profile as opposed to the spikedprofiles of immediate release formulations. A time delay material suchas glycerol monostearate or glycerol stearate may also be used.

Aqueous suspensions for oral use may contain conjugate(s) of thisinvention with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as asuspending agent (e.g., methyl cellulose), a wetting agent (e.g.,lecithin, lysolecithin and/or a long-chain fatty alcohol), as well ascoloring agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and the like. Suitablecarriers, excipients or diluents include but are not limited to water,saline, alkyleneglycols (e.g., propylene glycol), polyalkylene glycols(e.g., polyethylene glycol) oils, alcohols, slightly acidic buffersbetween pH 4 and pH 6 (e.g., acetate, citrate, ascorbate at betweenabout 5 mM to about 50 mM), etc. Additionally, flavoring agents,preservatives, coloring agents, bile salts, acylcarnitines and the likemay be added.

In some embodiments, oils or non-aqueous solvents may be required tobring the agents into solution, due to, for example, the presence oflarge lipophilic moieties. Alternatively, emulsions, suspensions, orother preparations, for example, liposomal preparations, may be used.With respect to liposomal preparations, any known methods for preparingliposomes for treatment of a condition may be used. See, for example,Bangham et al., J. Mol. Biol. 23: 238-252 (1965) and Szoka et al., Proc.Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75: 4194-4198 (1978), incorporated herein byreference. Ligands may also be attached to the liposomes to direct thesecompositions to particular sites of action. GABA-drug conjugates of thisinvention may also be integrated into foodstuffs, e.g., cream cheese,butter, salad dressing, or ice cream to facilitate solubilization,administration, and/or compliance in certain patient populations.

Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained as a solidexcipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing themixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, toobtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients are, in particular,fillers such as sugars, including but not limited to lactose, sucrose,mannitol, or sorbitol; flavoring elements, cellulose preparations suchas, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch,gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose,hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/orpolyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). If desired, disintegrating agents may beadded, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginicacid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate. The GABA-drug conjugatesmay also be formulated as a sustained release preparation.

Dragee cores can be provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose,concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally containgum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethyleneglycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organicsolvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to thetablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterizedifferent combinations of active GABA-drug conjugates.

Pharmaceutical preparations that can be used orally include push-fitcapsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made ofgelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fitcapsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with fillersuch as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such astalc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In softcapsules, the active agents may be dissolved or suspended in suitableliquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethyleneglycols. In addition, stabilizers may be added. All formulations fororal administration should be in dosages suitable for administration.

Other forms suitable for oral administration include liquid formpreparations including but not limited to emulsions, syrups, elixirs,aqueous solutions, aqueous suspensions, or solid form preparations whichare intended to be converted shortly before use to liquid formpreparations. Emulsions may be prepared in solutions, for example, inaqueous propylene glycol solutions or may contain emulsifying agents,for example, such as lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia. Aqueoussolutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component in waterand adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizers, and thickeningagents. Aqueous suspensions can be prepared by dispersing the finelydivided active component in water with viscous material, such as naturalor synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents. Suitablefillers or carriers with which the compositions can be administeredinclude but are not limited to agar, alcohol, fats, lactose, starch,cellulose derivatives, polysaccharides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, silica,sterile saline and the like, or mixtures thereof used in suitableamounts. Solid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, andemulsions, and may contain, in addition to the active component,colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and naturalsweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

A syrup or suspension may be made by adding the active compound to aconcentrated, aqueous solution of a sugar, e.g., sucrose, to which mayalso be added any accessory ingredients. Such accessory ingredients mayinclude flavoring, an agent to retard crystallization of the sugar or anagent to increase the solubility of any other ingredient, e.g., as apolyhydric alcohol, for example, glycerol or sorbitol.

When formulating compounds of the invention for oral administration, itmay be desirable to utilize gastroretentive formulations to enhanceabsorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A formulation which isretained in the stomach for several hours may release compounds of theinvention slowly and provide a sustained release that may be preferredin some embodiments of the invention. Disclosure of suchgastro-retentive formulations are found in Klausner, E. A.; Lavy, E.;Barta, M.; Cserepes, E.; Friedman, M.; Hoffman, A. 2003 “Novelgastroretentive dosage forms: evaluation of gastroretentivity and itseffect on levodopa in humans.” Pharm. Res. 20, 1466-73, Hoffman, A.;Stepensky, D.; Lavy, E.; Eyal, S. Klausner, E.; Friedman, M. 2004“Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of gastroretentive dosageforms” Int. J. Pharm. 11, 141-53, Streubel, A.; Siepmann, J.; Bodmeier,R.; 2006 “Gastroretentive drug delivery systems” Expert Opin. DrugDeliver. 3, 217-3, and Chavanpatil, M. D.; Jain, P.; Chaudhari, S.;Shear, R.; Vavia, P. R. “Novel sustained release, swellable andbioadhesive gastroretentive drug delivery system for olfoxacin” Int. J.Pharm. 2006 epub March 24. Expandable, floating and bioadhesivetechniques may be utilized to maximize absorption of the compounds ofthe invention.

The compounds of the invention may be formulated for parenteraladministration (e.g., by injection, for example bolus injection orcontinuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules,pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containerswith an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms assuspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, forexample solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol.

For injectable formulations, the vehicle may be chosen from those knownin art to be suitable, including aqueous solutions or oil suspensions,or emulsions, with sesame oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, or peanut oil,as well as elixirs, mannitol, dextrose, or a sterile aqueous solution,and similar pharmaceutical vehicles. The formulation may also comprisepolymer compositions which are biocompatible, biodegradable, such aspoly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid. These materials may be made into micro ornanospheres, loaded with drug and further coated or derivatized toprovide superior sustained release performance. Vehicles suitable forperiocular or intraocular injection include, for example, suspensions oftherapeutic agent in injection grade water, liposomes and vehiclessuitable for lipophilic substances. Other vehicles for periocular orintraocular injection are well known in the art.

In a preferred embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordancewith routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted forintravenous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions forintravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueousbuffer. Where necessary, the composition may also include a solubilizingagent and a local anesthetic such as lidocaine to ease pain at the siteof the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied eitherseparately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a drylyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealedcontainer such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity ofactive agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion,it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterilepharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition isadministered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection orsaline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior toadministration.

When administration is by injection, the active compound may beformulated in aqueous solutions, specifically in physiologicallycompatible buffers such as Hanks solution, Ringer's solution, orphysiological saline buffer. The solution may contain formulatory agentssuch as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively,the active compound may be in powder form for constitution with asuitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise anadjuvant or any other substance added to enhance the immune responsestimulated by the GABA-drug conjugate. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition comprises a substance that inhibits an immuneresponse to the GABA-drug conjugate. Methods of formulation are known inthe art, for example, as disclosed in Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton P.

In addition to the formulations described previously, the agents mayalso be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulationsmay be administered by implantation or transcutaneous delivery (forexample subcutaneously or intramuscularly), intramuscular injection oruse of a transdermal patch. Thus, for example, the GABA-drug conjugatesmay be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (forexample as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, oras sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly solublesalt.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or moreGABA-drug conjugates of the present invention exert local and regionaleffects when administered topically or injected at or near particularsites of pain. Direct topical application, e.g., of a viscous liquid,solution, suspension, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-based solutions,liposomal formulations, gel, jelly, cream, lotion, ointment,suppository, foam, or aerosol spray, may be used for localadministration, to produce for example local and/or regional effects.Pharmaceutically appropriate vehicles for such formulation include, forexample, lower aliphatic alcohols, polyglycols (e.g., glycerol orpolyethylene glycol), esters of fatty acids, oils, fats, silicones, andthe like. Such preparations may also include preservatives (e.g.,p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) and/or antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acidand tocopherol). See also Dermatological Formulations: Percutaneousabsorption, Barry (Ed.), Marcel Dekker Incl, 1983. In some embodiments,local/topical formulations comprising an enzyme inhibitor are used totreat epidermal or mucosal viral infections.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may contain acosmetically or dermatologically acceptable carrier. Such carriers arecompatible with skin, nails, mucous membranes, tissues and/or hair, andcan include any conventionally used cosmetic or dermatological carriermeeting these requirements. Such carriers can be readily selected by oneof ordinary skill in the art. In formulating skin ointments, an agent orcombination of agents of the instant invention may be formulated in anoleaginous hydrocarbon base, an anhydrous absorption base, awater-in-oil absorption base, an oil-in-water water-removable baseand/or a water-soluble base. Examples of such carriers and excipientsinclude, but are not limited to, humectants (e.g., urea), glycols (e.g.,propylene glycol), alcohols (e.g., ethanol), fatty acids (e.g., oleicacid), surfactants (e.g., isopropyl myristate and sodium laurylsulfate), pyrrolidones, glycerol monolaurate, sulfoxides, terpenes(e.g., menthol), amines, amides, alkanes, alkanols, water, calciumcarbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulosederivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.

Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous oroily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gellingagents. Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and willin general also containing one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizingagents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, orcoloring agents. The construction and use of transdermal patches for thedelivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. See, e.g.,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,023,252, 4,992,445 and 5,001,139. Such patches may beconstructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery ofpharmaceutical agents.

Lubricants which can be used to form pharmaceutical compositions anddosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, calciumstearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin,sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid,sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanutoil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, andsoybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laureate, agar, ormixtures thereof. Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloidsilica gel, a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica, or mixturesthereof. A lubricant can optionally be added, in an amount of less thanabout 1 weight percent of the pharmaceutical composition.

The compositions according to the present invention may be in any formsuitable for topical application, including but not limited to aqueous,aqueous-alcoholic or oily solutions, lotion or serum dispersions,aqueous, anhydrous or oily gels, emulsions obtained by dispersion of afatty phase in an aqueous phase (O/W or oil in water) or, conversely,(W/O or water in oil), microemulsions or alternatively microcapsules,microparticles or lipid vesicle dispersions of ionic and/or nonionictype. These compositions can be prepared according to conventionalmethods. Other than the agents of the invention, the amounts of thevarious constituents of the compositions according to the invention arethose conventionally used in the art. These compositions in particularconstitute protection, treatment or care creams, milks, lotions, gels orfoams for the face, for the hands, for the body and/or for the mucousmembranes, or for cleansing the skin. The compositions may also consistof solid preparations constituting soaps or cleansing bars.

Compositions of the present invention may also contain adjuvants commonto the cosmetic and dermatological fields, such as hydrophilic orlipophilic gelling agents, hydrophilic or lipophilic active agents,preserving agents, antioxidants, solvents, fragrances, fillers,sunscreens, odor-absorbers and dyestuffs. The amounts of these variousadjuvants are those conventionally used in the fields considered and,for example, are from about 0.01% to about 20% of the total weight ofthe composition. Depending on their nature, these adjuvants may beintroduced into the fatty phase, into the aqueous phase and/or into thelipid vesicles.

In some embodiments, pain associated with eye can be effectively treatedwith ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointments or inserts comprisingan agent or combination of agents of the present invention. Eye dropsmay be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a sterile aqueoussolution such as physiological saline, buffering solution, etc., or bycombining powder compositions to be dissolved before use. Other vehiclesmay be chosen, as is known in the art, including but not limited to:balance salt solution, saline solution, water soluble polyethers such aspolyethyene glycol, polyvinyls, such as polyvinyl alcohol and povidone,cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, petroleum derivatives such as mineral oil and whitepetrolatum, animal fats such as lanolin, polymers of acrylic acid suchas carboxypolymethylene gel, vegetable fats such as peanut oil andpolysaccharides such as dextrans, and glycosaminoglycans such as sodiumhyaluronate. If desired, additives ordinarily used in the eye drops canbe added. Such additives include but are not limited to isotonizingagents (e.g., sodium chloride, etc.), buffer agent (e.g., boric acid,sodium monohydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, etc.),preservatives (e.g., benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride,chlorobutanol, etc.), thickeners (e.g., saccharide such as lactose,mannitol, maltose, etc.; e.g., hyaluronic acid or its salt such assodium hyaluronate, potassium hyaluronate, etc.; e.g.,mucopolysaccharide such as chondroitin sulfate, etc.; e.g., sodiumpolyacrylate, carboxyvinyl polymer, crosslinked polyacrylate, polyvinylalcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, hydroxy propylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose,hydroxy propyl cellulose or other agents known to those skilled in theart).

The solubility of the components of the present compositions may beenhanced by a surfactant or other appropriate co-solvent in thecomposition. Such cosolvents include but are not limited to polysorbate20, 60, and 80, Pluronic F68, F-84 and P-103, cyclodextrin, or otheragents known to those skilled in the art. Such co-solvents may beemployed at a level of from about 0.01% to 2% by weight.

The compositions of the invention may be packaged in multidose form.Preservatives may be preferred to prevent microbial contamination duringuse. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to:benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal, chlorobutanol, methyl paraben, propylparaben, phenylethyl alcohol, edetate disodium, sorbic acid, Onamer M,or other agents known to those skilled in the art. In the prior artophthalmic products, such preservatives may be employed at a level offrom 0.004% to 0.02%. In the compositions of the present application thepreservative, preferably benzalkonium chloride, may be employed at alevel of from 0.001% to less than 0.01%, e.g. from 0.001% to 0.008%,preferably about 0.005% by weight. It has been found that aconcentration of benzalkonium chloride of 0.005% may be sufficient topreserve the compositions of the present invention from microbialattack.

In some embodiments, pain associated with the ear can be effectivelytreated with otic solutions, suspensions, ointments or insertscomprising a GABA-drug conjugate or combination of GABA-drug conjugatesof the present invention.

In some embodiments, the GABA-drug conjugates of the present inventionare delivered in soluble rather than suspension form, which allows formore rapid and quantitative absorption to the sites of action. Ingeneral, formulations such as jellies, creams, lotions, suppositoriesand ointments can provide an area with more extended exposure to theagents of the present invention, while formulations in solution, e.g.,sprays, provide more immediate, short-term exposure.

In some embodiments relating to topical/local application, thepharmaceutical compositions can include one or more penetrationenhancers. For example, the formulations may comprise suitable solid orgel phase carriers or excipients that increase penetration or helpdelivery of GABA-drug conjugates or combinations of GABA-drug conjugatesof the invention across a permeability barrier, e.g., the skin. Many ofthese penetration-enhancing compounds are known in the art of topicalformulation, and include, e.g., water, alcohols (e.g., terpenes likemethanol, ethanol, 2-propanol), sulfoxides (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide,decylmethyl sulfoxide, tetradecylmethyl sulfoxide), pyrrolidones (e.g.,2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidone),laurocapram, acetone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide,tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, L-α-amino acids, anionic, cationic,amphoteric or nonionic surfactants (e.g., isopropyl myristate and sodiumlauryl sulfate), fatty acids, fatty alcohols (e.g., oleic acid), amines,amides, clofibric acid amides, hexamethylene lauramide, proteolyticenzymes, α-bisabolol, d-limonene, urea and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, andthe like. Additional examples include but are not limited to humectants(e.g., urea), glycols (e.g., propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol),glycerol monolaurate, alkanes, alkanols, ORGELASE, calcium carbonate,calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives,gelatin, and/or other polymers. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions will include one or more such penetration enhancers.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions for local/topicalapplication can include one or more antimicrobial preservatives such asquaternary ammonium compounds, organic mercurials, p-hydroxy benzoates,aromatic alcohols, chlorobutanol, and the like.

Gastrointestinal pain can be effectively treated with orally- orrectally delivered solutions, suspensions, ointments, enemas and/orsuppositories comprising a GABA-drug conjugate or combination ofGABA-drug conjugates of the present invention.

Pain associated with the respiratory system can be effectively treatedwith aerosol solutions, suspensions or dry powders comprising aGABA-drug conjugate or combination of GABA-drug conjugates of thepresent invention. The aerosol can be administered through therespiratory system or nasal passages. For example, one skilled in theart will recognize that a composition of the present invention can besuspended or dissolved in an appropriate carrier, e.g., apharmaceutically acceptable propellant, and administered directly intothe lungs using a nasal spray or inhalant. For example, an aerosolformulation comprising an enzyme inhibitor can be dissolved, suspendedor emulsified in a propellant or a mixture of solvent and propellant,e.g., for administration as a nasal spray or inhalant. Aerosolformulations may contain any acceptable propellant under pressure, suchas a cosmetically or dermatologically or pharmaceutically acceptablepropellant, as conventionally used in the art.

An aerosol formulation for nasal administration is generally an aqueoussolution designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops orsprays. Nasal solutions can be similar to nasal secretions in that theyare generally isotonic and slightly buffered to maintain a pH of about5.5 to about 6.5, although pH values outside of this range canadditionally be used. Antimicrobial agents or preservatives can also beincluded in the formulation.

An aerosol formulation for inhalations and inhalants can be designed sothat the agent or combination of agents of the present invention iscarried into the respiratory tree of the subject when administered bythe nasal or oral respiratory route. Inhalation solutions can beadministered, for example, by a nebulizer. Inhalations or insufflations,comprising finely powdered or liquid drugs, can be delivered to therespiratory system as a pharmaceutical aerosol of a solution orsuspension of the agent or combination of agents in a propellant, e.g.,to aid in disbursement. Propellants can be liquefied gases, includinghalocarbons, for example, fluorocarbons such as fluorinated chlorinatedhydrocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and hydrochlorocarbons, as wellas hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon ethers.

Halocarbon propellants useful in the present invention includefluorocarbon propellants in which all hydrogens are replaced withfluorine, chlorofluorocarbon propellants in which all hydrogens arereplaced with chlorine and at least one fluorine, hydrogen-containingfluorocarbon propellants, and hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbonpropellants. Halocarbon propellants are described in Johnson, U.S. Pat.No. 5,376,359, issued Dec. 27, 1994; Byron et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,190,029, issued Mar. 2, 1993; and Purewal et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,776,434, issued Jul. 7, 1998.

Hydrocarbon propellants useful in the invention include, but are notlimited to, for example, propane, isobutane, n-butane, pentane,isopentane and neopentane. A blend of hydrocarbons can also be used as apropellant. Ether propellants include, for example, dimethyl ether aswell as the ethers. An aerosol formulation of the invention can alsocomprise more than one propellant. For example, the aerosol formulationcan comprise more than one propellant from the same class, such as twoor more fluorocarbons; or more than one, more than two, more than threepropellants from different classes, such as a fluorohydrocarbon and ahydrocarbon. Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention canalso be dispensed with a compressed gas, e.g., an inert gas such ascarbon dioxide, nitrous oxide or nitrogen.

Aerosol formulations can also include other components, for example,ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, as well as surfactants or othercomponents such as oils and detergents. These components can serve tostabilize the formulation and/or lubricate valve components.

The aerosol formulation can be packaged under pressure and can beformulated as an aerosol using solutions, suspensions, emulsions,powders and semisolid preparations. For example, a solution aerosolformulation can comprise a solution of a GABA-drug conjugate of theinvention such as an enzyme inhibitor in (substantially) pure propellantor as a mixture of propellant and solvent. The solvent can be used todissolve the agent and/or retard the evaporation of the propellant.Solvents useful in the invention include, for example, water, ethanoland glycols. Any combination of suitable solvents can be use, optionallycombined with preservatives, antioxidants, and/or other aerosolcomponents.

An aerosol formulation can also be a dispersion or suspension. Asuspension aerosol formulation may comprise a suspension of an agent orcombination of agents of the instant invention, e.g., an enzymeinhibitor, and a dispersing agent. Dispersing agents useful in theinvention include, for example, sorbitan trioleate, oleyl alcohol, oleicacid, lecithin and corn oil. A suspension aerosol formulation can alsoinclude but are not limited to lubricants, preservatives, antioxidant,and/or other aerosol components.

An aerosol formulation can similarly be formulated as an emulsion. Anemulsion aerosol formulation can include, for example, an alcohol suchas ethanol, a surfactant, water and a propellant, as well as an agent orcombination of agents of the invention, e.g., an enzyme inhibitor. Thesurfactant used can be nonionic, anionic or cationic. One example of anemulsion aerosol formulation comprises, for example, ethanol,surfactant, water and propellant. Another example of an emulsion aerosolformulation comprises, for example, vegetable oil, glyceryl monostearateand propane.

The compounds of the invention may be formulated for administration assuppositories. A low melting wax, such as a mixture of triglycerides,fatty acid glycerides, Witepsol S55 (trademark of Dynamite NobelChemical, Germany), or cocoa butter is first melted and the activecomponent is dispersed homogeneously, for example, by stirring. Themolten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds,allowed to cool, and to solidify.

The compounds of the invention may be formulated for vaginaladministration. Pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams orsprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers asare known in the art to be appropriate.

It is envisioned additionally, that the compounds of the invention maybe attached releasably to biocompatible polymers for use in sustainedrelease formulations on, in or attached to inserts for topical,intraocular, periocular, or systemic administration. The controlledrelease from a biocompatible polymer may be utilized with a watersoluble polymer to form a instillable formulation, as well. Thecontrolled release from a biocompatible polymer, such as for example,PLGA microspheres or nanospheres, may be utilized in a formulationsuitable for intra ocular implantation or injection for sustainedrelease administration as well. Any suitable biodegradable andbiocompatible polymer may be used.

When a GABA-Drug conjugate of the invention is acidic, it may beincluded in any of the above-described formulations as the free acid, apharmaceutically acceptable salt, a solvate or hydrate. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts substantially retain the activity of the free acid, maybe prepared by reaction with bases and tend to be more soluble inaqueous and other protic solvents than the corresponding free acid form.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a GABA-Drug conjugate of theinvention may be manufactured by means of conventional mixing,dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying,encapsuling, entrapping or lyophilizing process.

V. Method of Treatment

The current invention provides prophylactic and therapeutic treatmentmethods by administration to a subject in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition of theinvention. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention comprisesa first moiety and a second moiety, the first moiety being covalentlylinked via an amino terminus to the second moiety, wherein the firstmoiety is γ-aminobytyric acid (GABA) or an analog or derivative of GABA.In other embodiments, the compound of the invention used forprophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of a disorder comprises afirst moiety and a second moiety, the first moiety being covalentlylinked via a carboxyl terminus to the second moiety, and an aminoterminus of the first moiety is linked to a protection group, whereinthe first moiety is γ-aminobytyric acid (GABA) or an analog orderivative of GABA.

A suitable subject can be, e.g., a human, a non-human primate (includingbut not limited to a gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, or a monkey), arodent (including but not limited to a mouse, rat, guinea pig, orgerbil) a dog, a cat, horse, cow, pig, sheep, rabbit, or goat. Thesubject is preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

In some embodiments, a GABA-Drug conjugate and/or a pharmaceuticalcomposition of the invention is administered to a mammal, preferably ahuman, to treat a neurological disorder, epilepsy, or pain including butnot limited to centrally mediated pain, peripherally mediated pain,structural or soft tissue injury related pain, progressive diseaserelated pain (i.e., oncology) and a neuropathic pain state, all of whichincludes acute (i.e., acute injury or trauma, pre and post-surgical,headache such as a migraine), chronic (i.e., neuropathic pain conditionssuch diabetic peripheral neuropathy and post-herpatic neuralgia) andinflammatory condition (i.e., osteo or rheumatoid arthritis, sequela toacute injury or trauma) pain states, depression, anxiety, psychosis,faintness attacks, hypokinesia, cranial disorders, neurodegenerativedisorders, panic, insomnia, gastrointestinal disorders, addictivedisorders (e.g. ethanol, cocaine), restless leg syndrome.

In other embodiments, the GABA-Drug conjugates and/or compositions ofthe invention are administered to an animal, preferably a human, as apreventative/prophylactic measure against various disorders includingpredisposition for a neurological disorder, epilepsy, pain including butnot limited to centrally mediated pain, peripherally mediated pain,structural or soft tissue injury related pain, progressive diseaserelated pain (i.e., oncology) and neuropathic pain states, all of whichwould include acute (i.e., acute injury or trauma, pre andpost-surgical, headache such as a migraine), chronic (i.e., neuropathicpain conditions such diabetic peripheral neuropathy and post-herpaticneuralgia) and inflammatory condition (i.e., osteo or rheumatoidarthritis, sequela to acute injury or trauma) pain states, depression,anxiety, psychosis, faintness attacks, hypokinesia, cranial disorders,neurodegenerative disorders, panic, insomnia, gastrointestinaldisorders, addictive disorders (e.g. ethanol, cocaine), and restless legsyndrome.

In further embodiments, the GABA-Drug conjugates and/or compositions ofthe invention are used for the prevention of one disorder andconcurrently for the treatment of another disorder mentionedhereinabove, for example, a GABA-drug conjugate can be used for theprevention of psychosis or addiction and the treatment of pain.

The suitability of the GABA-Drug conjugates and/or compositions of theinvention in treating and/or preventing a neurological disorder,epilepsy and pain includes, but is not limited to, centrally mediatedpain, peripherally mediated pain, structural or soft tissue injuryrelated pain, progressive disease related pain (i.e., oncology) andneuropathic pain states, all of which includes acute (i.e., acute injuryor trauma, pre and post-surgical, headache such as a migraine), chronic(i.e., neuropathic pain conditions such diabetic peripheral neuropathyand post-herpatic neuralgia) and inflammatory (i.e., osteo or rheumatoidarthritis, sequela to acute injury or trauma) pain states. Therapeuticand prophylactic treatment regimens for the abovementioned diseasesincluding but not limited to depression, anxiety, psychosis, faintnessattacks, hypokinesia, cranial disorders, neurodegenerative disorders,panic, insomnia, gastrointestinal disorders, addictive disorders (e.g.ethanol, cocaine), and restless leg syndrome may be determined bymethods described in the art (Satzinger et al., U.S. pat. No. 4,04,175;Silverman et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,563,175; 6,028,214; 6,117,906;International Publication No. WO92/09560; 93/23383; Horwell et al., U.S.Pat. No. 6,020,370; International Publication No. WO97/29101, 97/33858;97/33859; Bryans et al., International Publication No. WO99/31057;99/31075; 99/61424; 00/15511; 00/31020; 00/50027; 02/00209; Guglietta etal. International Publication No. WO 99/08671; Andrea et al.,International Publication No. WO99/12537; Ashburn et al., InternationalPublication No. 08/11016; Rosenburg et al., International PublicationNo. 08/09663; Buschmann et al., International Publication No.WO07/90661; Garcia et al. International Publication WO07/52999; Rao etal., International Publication No. WO07/38620; Wong et al.,International Publication WO06/113568; Hizue et al., InternationalPublication No. WO05/102390; Field et al., International Publication No.WO05/92318; Hurtt et al., International Publication No. WO00/53225).

Administration

The GABA-Drug conjugates and/or compositions of the present inventionmay be administered or applied singly, in combination with one or morepharmaceutically active agents, including but not limited to othercompounds of the invention.

The present GABA-Drug conjugates and/or compositions of the invention,which comprise one or more compounds of the invention, are preferablyadministered via oral administration. The GABA-Drug conjugates and/orcompositions of the invention may also be administered via anyparenteral route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, byabsorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g. oralmucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.). Administration can besystemic or local. Various delivery systems are known for use inadministering a GABA-Drug conjugate and/or composition of the invention,for example, encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules,capsules, etc. Methods of administration include, but are not limitedto, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous,subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intracerbral,intravaginal, transdermal, rectally, inhalation, topically, particularlyto the ears, nose, eyes, or skin, as described in Section IVhereinabove. The GABA-Drug conjugates and/or compositions of the presentinvention may be administered or applied singly, or in combination withone or more pharmaceutically active agents, including but not limited toother compounds of the invention.

In some preferred embodiments, the GABA-Drug conjugates and/orcompositions of the invention can be delivered via a sustained releasesystem, preferably an oral sustained release system. In one embodiment,a pump may be used (see Langer, supra; Sefton, 1987, CRC Crit Ref BiomedEng. 14, 201; Saudek et al., 1989, N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 574). Inanother embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see “MedicalApplications of Controlled Release,” Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres.,Boca Raton, Fla. (1974); “Controlled Drug Bioavailability,” Drug ProductDesign and Performance, Smoln and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984);Ranger and Peppas, 1983, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol Chem. 23:61;see also Levy et al., 1985, Science228: 190; During et al., 1989, Ann.Neurol. 25:351; Howard et al., 1989, J. Neurosurg. 71:105). In apreferred embodiment, polymeric materials are used for an oral sustainedrelease delivery. Preferred polymers include but are not limited tosodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose, most preferably,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Other preferred cellulose ethers have alsobeen described (Alderman, Int. J. Pharm. Tech. & Prod. Mfr., 1984, 5(3)1-9). Factors affecting drug release are well known to a skilled artisanand have been described in the art (Bamba et al., Int. J. Pharm., 1979,2, 307).

In other embodiments, enteric-coated preparation can be used for oralsustained release administration. Preferred coating materials includebut are not limited to polymers with a pH-dependent solubility (i.e.,pH-controlled release), polymers with a slow or pH-dependent rate ofswelling, dissolution or erosion (i.e. time-controlled release),polymers that form firm layers that are destroyed by an increase inpressure (i.e. pressure-controlled release).

In still other embodiments, osmotic delivery systems are used for oralsustained release administration (Verma et al., Drug Dev. Ind, Pharm.,2000, 26:695-708). In a preferred embodiment, OROS™ osmotic devices areused for oral sustained release delivery devices (Theeuwes et al., U.S.Pat. No. 3,845,770; U.S. Pat. No. 3,916,899).

In yet another embodiment, a controlled-released system can be placed inproximity of the target of the GABA-Drug conjugates and/or compositionof the invention, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose(e.g., Goodson, in “Medical Applications of Controlled Release,” supra,vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). Other controlled-released systems discussedin Langer, 1990, Science 249: 1527-1533 may also be used.

The GABA-Drug conjugates and/or compositions of the invention may becleaved either chemically and/or enzymatically. One or more enzymespresent in the stomach, intestinal lumen, intestinal tissue, blood,liver, brain or any other suitable tissue of a mammal may enzymaticallycleave the linker of the GABA-Drug conjugates and/or compositions of theinvention. The mechanism of cleavage of GABA-Drug may be one that isknown in the art or one that is unknown or novel to the relevant field.The liners of GABA-Drug conjugates and/or compositions of the inventionmay be cleaved prior to absorption by the gastrointestinal tract and/orafter absorption by the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. in intestinaltissue, blood, liver or other suitable tissue of a mammal). If thelinkers of GABA-Drug conjugates in invention are cleaved prior toabsorption by the gastrointestinal tract, the drugs and GABA analogs maybe absorbed into the systemic circulation conventionally by activetransport and/or passive diffusion.

Dosage

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the present inventioninclude compositions wherein the active ingredients are present in aneffective amount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve therapeuticand/or prophylactic benefit in a host with at least one type of pain ora neurological disorder. An effective amount of GABA-Drug conjugate ofthe invention is intended for use to treat or prevent a disorderincluding but not limited to pain (i.e., oncology), a neuropathic painstate encompassing acute (i.e., acute injury or trauma, pre andpost-surgical, headache such as a migraine), chronic (i.e., neuropathicpain conditions such diabetic peripheral neuropathy and post-herpaticneuralgia) and inflammatory (i.e., osteo or rheumatoid arthritis,sequela to acute injury or trauma) pain state, depression, anxiety,psychosis, faintness attacks, hypokinesia, cranial disorders,neurodegenerative disorders, panic, insomnia, gastrointestinaldisorders, addictive disorders (e.g. ethanol, cocaine), and restless legsyndrome.

The actual amount effective for a particular application will depend onthe condition or conditions being treated, the condition of the subject,the severity of the affliction, the formulation, and the route ofadministration, as well as other factors known to those of skill in theart. In vitro or in vivo assays may optionally be employed to helpidentify the optimal dosage ranges. Determination of an effective amountof a GABA-drug conjugate is well within the capabilities of thoseskilled in the art, in light of the disclosure herein, and will bedetermined using routine optimization techniques.

The effective amount for use in humans can be determined from animalmodels. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achievecirculating, liver, topical and/or gastrointestinal concentrations thathave been found to be effective in animals. The GABA-Drug conjugates ofthe invention are preferably tested in at least one animal model todemonstrate safety and efficacy. In some embodiments, a therapeuticallyeffective dose of GABA-Drug conjugate of the invention described hereinprovides therapeutic benefit without causing substantial toxicity whileproviding synergistic effect as compared to each individual compounddosed or two parent compounds co-formulated. Toxicity of GABA-Drugconjugates of the invention may be determined using standardpharmaceutical procedures and may be readily ascertained by the skilledartisan. The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effect is thetherapeutic index. In some embodiments, a GABA-Drug conjugate of theinvention exhibits higher therapeutic indices in treating a disease or adisorder mentioned herein as compared to their parent compounds. Thedosage of a GABA-Drug conjugate is within a range of circulatingconcentrations that result in little or no toxicity. One skilled in theart can determine the effective amount for human use, especially inlight of the animal model experiments described herein. Based on animaldata, and other types of similar data, those skilled in the art candetermine the effective amounts of compositions of the present inventionappropriate for humans.

The effective amount when referring to a GABA-drug conjugate orcombination of GABA-drug conjugates of the invention will generally meanthe dose ranges, modes of administration, formulations, etc., that havebeen recommended or approved by any of the various regulatory oradvisory organizations in the medical or pharmaceutical arts (e.g., FDA,AMA) or by the manufacturer or supplier.

In some embodiments, administration of GABA-drug conjugates of thepresent invention may be intermittent, for example administration onceevery two days, every three days, every five days, once a week, once ortwice a month, and the like. In some embodiments, the amount, forms,and/or amounts of the different forms may be varied at different timesof administration. For example, the dosage of a pharmaceuticalcomposition of the present invention may be delivered by a singleadministration, multiple applications or a controlled release. In apreferred embodiment, the GABA-Drug conjugates of the invention aredelivered by oral sustained release administration. Preferably, theGABA-Drug conjugate is administered once or twice per day. Suitabledosage range for oral administration is dependent on the potency of theparent GABA-Drug conjugate, but is generally about 0.001 mg to about 200mg of a compound of the invention per kilogram body weight. Preferably,the dosage ranges from about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg body, morepreferably from about 0.05 to about 25 mg/kg body, more preferably fromabout 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg body, and more preferably from about 0.2 toabout 5 mg/kg body. Dosing may be repeated intermittently, providedalone or in combination with other drugs. The schedule may continue foras long as an effective treatment of the disorder demands.

In one embodiment, the invention also provides a composition comprisinga GABA analog-NSAID conjugate. The active NSAID upon release from theconjugate is present in an anti-inflammatory amount, preferably lessthan the amount normally used when administered alone, and the activeGABA analog upon release from the conjugate is present in acytoprotective amount, namely an amount which is effective in preventingor reducing the gastrointestinal damage otherwise caused by the NSAID.Yet both the GABA analog and the NSAID, in their active forms upon invivo release from the conjugate, are present at a therapeuticallyeffective dose that results in a superior therapeutic efficacy ascompared to when the GABA analog and the NSAID are administered alone orco-formulated. In general, the GABA analog-NSAID is present at dosesbetween 0.001 mg to about 200 mg. Any NSAID can be combined with anyGABA analog according to this invention. Preferred GABA analogs to beemployed are the compounds of Formulas (3) and (4), i.e. gabapentin andpregabalin. Preferred NSAIDs to be employed in the compositions includebut are not limited to sulindac, naproxen, indomethacin, mefenamic acid,diclofenac, fenoprofen, diflunisal, etodolac, ibuprofen, piroxicam,acetylsalicylic acid, oxaprozin, and bromfenac. Most of the NSAIDs to beused are commercially available, generally as salts such as calcium,sodium, or potassium, for example, fensprofen calcium and bromfenacsodium. More preferred combinations include but are not limited topregabalin or gabapentin conjugated with naproxen sodium or ibuprofen.The compositions may contain common pharmaceutical excipients such asthose described above.

A person skilled in the art would be able to monitor in a patient theeffect of administration of a particular agent. For example, pain scalecan be determined by techniques standard in the art.

VII. Method of Use

A. Combination Therapy

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the GABA-Drugconjugates of the invention can be used in a combination therapy with atleast one other therapeutic agent. The GABA-Drug conjugates of theinvention and the therapeutic agent can act additively or, morepreferably, synergistically.

Combination therapy includes the administration of a conjugate of theinvention and at least a second agent as part of a specific treatmentregimen intended to provide the beneficial effect from the co-action ofthese therapeutic agents. The beneficial effect of the combinationincludes, but is not limited to, pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamicco-action resulting from the combination of therapeutic agents.Administration of these therapeutic agents in combination typically iscarried out over a defined time period (usually minutes, hours, days orweeks depending upon the combination selected). Combination therapy maybe carried out either sequentially or substantially simultaneously. Inthe case of sequential administration of more than one therapeuticagent, each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time. Inthe case of simultaneous administration, at least two of the therapeuticagents are administered in a substantially simultaneous manner, eitherin the same pharmaceutical composition or in different pharmaceuticalcompositions. Substantially simultaneous administration can beaccomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a singlecapsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple,single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents. In a preferredembodiment, a composition comprising a GABA-Drug conjugate of theinvention is administered concurrently with the administration ofanother therapeutic agent, which can be part of the same composition asthe GABA-Drug conjugates of the invention or a different composition. Inanother embodiment, a composition comprising a GABA-Drug conjugate ofthe invention is administered prior to, or subsequent to, administrationof another therapeutic agent.

Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of eachtherapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including,but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscularroutes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues. Thetherapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by differentroutes. For example, a first therapeutic agent of the combinationselected may be administered by intravenous injection while the othertherapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally.Alternatively, for example, all therapeutic agents may be administeredorally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenousinjection. The sequence in which the therapeutic agents are administeredis not narrowly critical. Combination therapy also encompasses theadministration of the therapeutic agents as described above in furthercombination with other biologically active ingredients and non-drugtherapies (e.g., surgery or radiation treatment.) Where the combinationtherapy further comprises a non-drug treatment, the non-drug treatmentmay be conducted at any suitable time so long as a beneficial effectfrom the co-action of the combination of the therapeutic agents andnon-drug treatment is achieved. For example, in appropriate cases, thebeneficial effect is still achieved when the non-drug treatment istemporally removed from the administration of the therapeutic agents, bya significant period of time. The conjugate and the otherpharmacologically active agent may be administered to a patientsimultaneously, sequentially or in combination. It will be appreciatedthat when using a combination of the invention, the compound of theinvention and the other pharmacologically active agent may be in thesame pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and therefore administeredsimultaneously. They may be in separate pharmaceutical carriers such asconventional oral dosage forms which are taken simultaneously. The term“combination” further refers to the case where the compounds areprovided in separate dosage forms and are administered sequentially.

B. Reduction of Adverse Effects and Enhancement of Therapeutic Efficacy

The present invention also embodies a method for reducing an adverseeffect and/or increasing therapeutic efficacy associated with atreatment of a disorder by administering to a subject in need atherapeutically effective amount of a conjugate or pharmaceuticalcomposition of the invention.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the conjugates described herein canbe determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in experimentalanimals, e.g., by determining the IC₅₀ and the LD₅₀ (lethal dose causingdeath in 50% of the tested animals) for a subject compound.

In one embodiment, the composition of the invention reduces theincidence of unwanted side effects caused by many of the pain treatmentregimens including but not limited to gastrointestinal side effects,cognitive impairment, nausea, and constipation. In another embodiment,the composition of the present invention achieves adequate painalleviation at a lower dose than that required for each individualunconjugated drug. In another embodiment, the composition of the presentinvention has improved pharmacokinetic and physiological propertiesincluding but not limited to slower systemic clearance and improvedabsorption of the GABA analogs, allowing these drugs to reach their fullpotential in treatment of pain and other CNS disorders. In yet anotherembodiment, the use of a sustained release formulation for delivery ofthe composition of the present invention further reduces the rapidsystemic clearance of the active drugs, i.e. GABA analogs. Since GABAanalogs, such as baclofen, gabapentin and pregabalin are absorbed in thesmall intestine by the neutral amino transporter systems rather thanbeing absorbed in the large intestine, the composition of the presentinvention enables successful application of a sustained release approachto these GABA analogs.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

EXAMPLES Examples 1 Synthesis of Pregabalin-Naproxen Conjugates

The invention is further defined by reference to the following examples,which describe in detail preparation of compounds and compositions ofthe invention and assays for using compounds and compositions of theinvention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that manymodifications, both to materials and methods, may be practiced withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention.

In the examples below, the following abbreviations stand for thefollowing terms. An abbreviation that is not defined herein has itsgenerally accepted meaning.

AIBN=2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile)

Atm=atmosphere

Boc=tert-butyloxycarbonyl

Cbz=carbobenzyloxy

CPM=counts per minute

DCC=dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

DMAP=4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine

DMEM=Dulbecco's minimun eagle medium

DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide

DMSO=dimethylsulfoxide

Fmoc=9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl

g=gram

h=hour

HBSS=Hank's buffered saline solution

L=liter

LC/MS=liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy

M=molar

min=minute

mL=milliliter

mmol=millimoles

NBS=N-bromosuccinimide

NHS=N-hydroxysuccinimide

PBS=phosphate buffered saline

THF=tetrahydrofuran

TFA=trifluoroacetic acid

TMS=trimethylsilyl

μL=microliter

μM=micromolar

v/v=volume to volume

Acyloxyalkylmethanethiocarbonates (3) Step 1:

General Procedure:

A 21% (w/w) aqueous solution of sodium methylthiolate (58 g, 0.17 mol)was added to a solution of 1-chloroethyl chloroformate (25 g, 0.17 mol)and tetrabutylammonium bromide (1.7 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (45 mL) over 2 h.The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional hour, then worked-upby separating the aqueous phase and extracting the organic phase withbrine (2×50 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by vacuumdistillation to afford the product as a colorless liquid (yield, 95%).Compound 2a: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.75 (s, 1H), 2.38 (s, 2H).Compound 2b: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.59 (q, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (s,3H), 1.80 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 3H).

General Procedure:

Diisopropylamine (16 g, 150 mmol) was added dropwise to a mixture of(S)-6-Methaoxy-alpha-meth 1-2-naphthaleneacetic acid (naproxan, 34 g,150 mmol) and chloroalkylmethanethiocarbonates (2, 100 mmol). Themixture was stirred at 80 90° C. for 3 hrs. Then 30 mL dichloromethanewas added to the reaction mixture. The mixture was stirred for 2 hrs.The reaction mixture was then partitioned between 50 mL water and 100 mLethyl ether. The organic phase was washed with water, saturatedpotassium carbonate solution (K₂CO₃) and brine, and then dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). After the solvent was removed byrotary evaporation and recrystallized in the mixture ofmethyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and n-hexane, white solid product wasobtained.

Compound (3a): white crystal, yield, 90%; mp: 73 74° C. [α]²⁵_(D)=+44.59° (c=1.0, CH₂Cl₂). IR (KBr) ν_(max): 2981, 2936, 1757, 1723,1633, 1606, 1506, 1485, 1454, 1393, 1266, 1176, 1157, 1065, 1030, 981,854, 811, 673 cm¹. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H),7.66 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (dd, J=8.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (dd, J=8.9,2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.82 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (d,J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.61(d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.10, 171.05, 157.77,134.68, 133.84, 129.35, 128.95, 127.34, 126.13 (2), 119.09, 105.59,80.65, 55.30, 45.16, 18.29, 13.31.

Compound (3b, diastereoisomers): white crystal, yield: 87%; mp: 65 66°C. IR (KBr) ν_(max): 3055, 2986, 2937, 2916, 2848, 1750, 1719, 1606,1451, 1392, 1264, 1177, 1134, 1050, 910, 854, 747 cm¹. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.56 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 0.5H),7.50 (s, 0.5H), 7.26-7.24 (m, 0.5H), 7.24-7.21 (m, 0.5H), 7.01 (t, J=2.2Hz, 0.5H), 6.99 (t, J=2.2 Hz, 0.5H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 6.85 (dq, J=10.9, 5.4Hz, 1H), 3.75-3.67 (m, 4H), 2.14 (s, 1.5H), 1.98 (s, 1.5H), 1.44 (d,J=1.6 Hz, 1.5H), 1.43 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1.5H), 1.33 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1.5H),1.24 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1.5H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.43, 171.32,169.00, 168.80, 156.64, 156.60, 133.92, 133.79, 132.70, 132.66, 128.26,128.21, 127.85 (2), 126.16, 126.08, 125.14, 125.02, 124.97 (2), 117.97,117.85, 104.49, 104.46, 89.31, 89.05, 54.12 (2), 44.15, 44.11, 18.34,18.24, 17.38, 17.18, 12.15, 11.97.

Step 2:

General Procedure:

N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 2.30 g, 20 mmol) was added to compound (3)(10 mmol) dissolved in 15 mL dichloromethane and 2.1 g water. Theresulting suspension was cooled to 0° C., 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid(m-CPBA, 6.90 g, 40 mmol) dissolved in 25 mL dichloromethane was slowlyadded. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 0° C. for 1 hr and atroom temperature for 15 hrs.

The reaction mixture was then filtered and diluted with 40 mL ethylether and 30 mL saturated potassium bicarbonate solution. The organicphase was separated and washed with saturated potassium carbonatesolution (30 mL), water (40 mL) and brine (2×30 mL) and then dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). After the solvent was removed byrotary evaporation, the crude compound (4) was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography with 4:1 petrol ether (60-90° C.): ethyl acetateand recrystallized in ethyl acetate and n-hexane.

Compound (4a): yield: 32%, mp: 115 116° C.; [α]²⁵ _(D)=+45.06° (c=1.0,CH₂Cl₂). IR (KBr) ν_(max): 2984, 2942, 1822, 1793, 1607, 1486, 1457,1258, 1230, 1201, 1162, 1131, 1091, 986, 924, 813, 736, 645 cm¹. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67(s, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J=8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H),7.12 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H),3.94 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.81 (s, 4H), 1.62 (d, J=7.2 Hz,3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.71, 168.47 (2), 157.77, 150.73,134.31, 133.82, 129.31, 128.83, 127.42, 126.18, 126.04, 119.11, 105.58,83.74, 55.27, 44.97, 25.33 (2), 18.21. HRMS (ESI) found 424.1002,([M+Na]⁺, calcd for C₂₀H₁₉NO₈ 424.1003).

Compound (4b, diastereoisomers): white crystal, yield, 40%; mp: 145 146°C. IR (KBr) ν_(max): 2992, 2942, 1819, 1792, 1744, 1632, 1606, 1506,1486, 1454, 1393, 1373, 1260, 1234, 1202, 1048, 910, 879, 812, 735, 644cm¹. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.71 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (s,1H), 7.38 (s, 0.5H), 7.36 (s, 0.5H), 7.17-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.79 (m,1H), 3.98-3.83 (m, 4H), 2.82 (s, 2H), 2.73 (s, 2H), 1.58 (m, 4.5H), 1.48(d, J=5.4 Hz, 1.5H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.31, 172.18, 168.39(2), 168.24 (2), 157.75, 157.68, 149.87, 149.73, 134.66, 134.40, 133.80,133.74, 129.45, 129.33, 128.93, 128.90, 127.36, 127.32, 126.18, 126.15(2), 126.09, 119.09, 118.85, 105.58 (2), 93.89, 93.79, 55.33 (2), 45.27,45.04, 25.44 (2), 25.29 (2), 19.27, 19.19, 18.41, 18.34. HRMS (ESI)found 438.1157, ([M+Na]⁺, calcd for C₂₁H₂₁NO₈ 438.1159).

Step 3:

General Procedure:

(3S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid (Pregabalin, 504 mg, 3.3mmol) and 2 mL water was added to compound (4) (1.2 g, 3 mmol) dissolvedin 5 mL dichloromethane. The mixture was stirred for 16 hrs at roomtemperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with 15 mL ethyl ether and10 mL water. The organic phase was separated and washed with water (10mL) and brine (2×10 mL) and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate(Na₂SO₄). After the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, the crudeproduct was purified by silica gel column chromatography with 4:1 petrolether (60-90° C.): ethyl acetate to obtain viscose liquid compound.

Compound (5a): viscose liquid, yield, 80%. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+17.79° (c=1.0,CH₂Cl₂). IR (KBr) ν_(max): 3351, 2960, 1746, 1634, 1607, 1535, 1464,1392, 1265, 1218, 1175, 1159, 1123, 1032, 1000, 854, 738 cm¹. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.80-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.39 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.13(dd, J=8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H),5.69 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.89 (q,J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.26-3.17 (m, 1H), 3.02 (dt, J=13.9, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.26(dd, J=15.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (dd, J=15.1, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.12-2.06 (m,1H), 1.65-1.60 (m, 1H), 1.58 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),0.88 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 177.57, 173.97, 157.70, 154.90, 134.82, 133.77, 129.31, 128.90,127.22, 126.19, 126.14, 119.05, 105.57, 80.09, 55.31, 45.22, 44.42,41.26, 36.82, 33.41, 25.10, 22.61, 22.57, 18.24. HRMS (ESI) found468.1995 ([M+Na]⁺, calcd for C₂₄H₃₁NO₇ 468.1993).

Compound (5b): yield, 98%. HRMS (ESI) found 482.2145 ([M+Na]⁺,calculated for C₂₅H₃₃NO₇ 482.2149). IR (KBr) ν_(max): 3340, 2956, 1741,1633, 1606, 1529, 1507, 1454, 1391, 1264, 1231, 1175, 1160, 1066, 925,854, 811, 747, 670 cm¹.

Conditions for Chiral Purification:

The chiral purification was achieved using the conditions listed below.The fractions were collected and solvent was removed in vacuo to affordboth diasteromers as white solid.

TABLE 1 Column CHIRALPAK AD-H Column size 0.46 cm I.D. × 15 cm LInjection 1 ul Mobile phase Hexane/EtOH = 60/40 (v/v) Flow rate 0.5ml/min Wave length UV 220 nm Temperature 35° C. Sample X mg/ml in mobilephase Brand of Hexane, EtOH: HPLC grade Sample Racemate

Compound (5b-1) (optical pure) as white crystal, mp: 100 101° C. [α]²⁵_(D)=+7.9° (c=1.0, CHCl₃). IR (KBr) ν_(max): 3368, 2956, 2937, 1741,1633, 1607, 1531, 1508, 1464, 1392, 1264, 1232, 1175, 1155, 1069, 913,734 cm¹. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.69 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H),7.64 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s,1H), 6.81 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (s, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.82 (q, J=6.9Hz, 1H), 3.34-3.22 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.29 (m, 2H), 2.13 (m,1H), 1.73-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.55 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.33 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 3H),1.16 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 0.90 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H).¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.85, 157.65, 154.48, 135.35, 133.69,129.29, 128.93, 127.17, 126.18, 126.03, 118.98, 105.59, 89.88, 55.31,45.29, 44.35, 41.32, 37.09, 33.46, 29.71, 25.13, 22.67, 22.60, 19.51,18.56.

Compound (5b-2) (optical pure) as white crystal, mp: 120 120° C. [α]²⁵_(D)=+23.62° (c=1.0, CHCl₃). IR (KBr) ν_(max): 3368, 2956, 2928, 1743,1633, 1607, 1527, 1508, 1465, 1391, 1264, 1231, 1177, 1159, 1067, 913,743 cm¹. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.71-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.38(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 6.81 (q, J=5.1Hz, 1H), 4.80 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.83 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H),3.22-3.10 (m, 1H), 2.95-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.15 (dt, J=14.0, 7.1 Hz, 1H),2.09-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.44 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (t,J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 0.87 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR(101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.72, 156.57, 153.33, 134.15, 132.62, 128.28,127.87, 126.06, 125.21, 125.10, 117.86, 104.53, 88.61, 54.23, 44.39,43.10, 40.17, 35.92, 32.24, 28.66, 24.03, 21.57 (2), 18.64, 17.38.

Examples 2 Synthesis of Gabapentin-GHB Conjugate

This example generally provides the synthesis of a GABA-analog-γhydroxybutyric acid (GHB) conjugate, and more specifically, agabapentin-GHB conjugate.

Examples 3 Synthesis of GABA_(B) Agonist-Morphine Conjugate

This example provides the synthesis of a GABA receptor agonist-opiateanalgesic drug conjugate, and more specifically, a GABA_(B)agonist-morphine conjugate.

The examples provided hereinabove are to be considered as illustrativeand not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to thedetails given herein, but may be modified within the scope andequivalents of the invention.

Example 4 In Vitro Determination of Caco-2 Cellular Permeability ofGABA-Drug Conjugates

The passive permeability of the GABA-Drug conjugates of the currentinvention is assessed in vitro using standard methods well known in theart (See, e.g., Stewart, et al., Pharm. Res., 1995, 12, 693). Forexample, passive permeability is evaluated by examining the flux of aGABA-Drug across a cultured polarized cell monolayer (e.g., Caco-2cells). Caco-2 cells obtained from continuous culture (passage less than28) are seeded at high density onto Transwell polycarbonate filters.Cells are maintained with DMEM/10% fetal calf serum+0.1 mM nonessentialamino acids+2 mM L-Gln, 5% CO₂/95% O₂, 37° C. until the day of theexperiment. Permeability studies are conducted at pH 6.5 apically (in 50mM MES buffer containing 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl,1 mM NaH₂PO4, 5 mM glucose) and pH 7.4 basolaterally (in Hanks' balancedsalt solution containing 10 mM HEPES) in the presence of efflux pumpinhibitors (250 μM MK-571, 250 μM Verapamil, 1 mM Ofloxacin). Insertsare placed in 12 or 24 well plates containing buffer and incubated for30 min at 37° C. Prodrug (200 μM) is added to the apical or basolateralcompartment (donor) and concentrations of prodrug and/or released parentdrug in the opposite compartment (receiver) are determined at intervalsover 1 hour using LC/MS/MS. Values of apparent permeability (P_(app))are calculated using the equation:

P _(app) =V _(r)(dC/dt)/(AC _(o))

Here V_(r) is the volume of the receiver compartment in mL; dC/dt is thetotal flux of GABA-Drug and parent drugs (M/s), determined from theslope of the plot of concentration in the receiver compartment versustime; C_(o) is the initial concentration of GABA-Drug conjugates in μM;A is the surface area of the membrane in cm². Preferably, GABA-Drugconjugate with significant transcellular permeability demonstrate avalue of P_(app) of ≧1×10⁻⁶ cm/s and more preferably, a value of P_(app)of ≧1×10⁻⁵ cm/s, and still more preferably a value of P_(app) of ≧5×10⁻⁵cm/s.

Example 5 Chemical Stability

For the chemical stability studies, buffers are prepared at pH 2.0(using 0.1M potassium phosphate and 0.5M NaCl), pH7.4 and pH 8.0 (using0.1M Tris-HCl and 0.5M NaCl). Compounds (5 μM) are incubated withbuffers at 37° C. for 1 hour in a temperature controlled HPLCautosampler. Samples are injected at zero and 1 hour post-addition.Samples are analyzed by LC/MS/MS as described below.

Example 6 Metabolic Stability

Plasma Stability: Compounds (5 μM) are incubated with 90% rat or humanplasma at 37° C. for 1 hour. Samples are obtained at zero and 1 hourpost-addition and are immediately quench with methanol to preventfurther conversion. Quenched samples are frozen and maintained at −80°C. prior analysis. Samples are analyzed by LC/MS/MS as described below.

Liver Homogenate: Compounds (5 μM) are incubated with rat or human liverS9 at 0.5 mg protein/mL in the presence of 1 mM NADPH at pH 7.4 and at37° C. for 1 hour. Samples are obtained at zero and 1 hour post-additionand are immediately quench with methanol to prevent further conversion.Quenched samples are frozen and maintained at −80° C. prior analysis.Samples are analyzed by LC/MS/MS as described below.

Caco-2 Cell Homogenate: Caco-2 cells are grown in flasks over 21 days.Cells are then rinsed/scraped off into ice-cold 10 mM sodiumphosphate/0.15 M potassium chloride, pH 7.4. Cells will be lysed bysonication at 4° C. using a probe sonicator and centrifuged at 9,000×gfor 20 min at 4° C. and the resulting supernatant (Caco-2 cellhomogenate S9 fraction) aliquots are transferred into 0.5 mL vials andstored at −80° C. prior to use. For stability studies, compounds (5 μM)are incubated with Caco-2 S9 (0.5 mg protein/mL) at pH 7.4 and 37° C.for 1 hr. Samples are obtained at zero and 1 hr post-addition and areimmediately quenched with methanol to prevent further conversion.Quenched samples are frozen and maintained at −80° C. prior to analysis.Samples are analyzed by LC/MS/MS as described below.

Pancreatin: Compounds (5 μM) are incubated with porcine pancreatin (10mg/mL in pH 7.5 buffer) at 37° C. for 1 hour. Samples are obtained atzero and 1 hour post-addition and are immediately quench with methanolto prevent further conversion. Quenched samples are frozen andmaintained at −80° C. prior analysis. Samples are analyzed by LC/MS/MSas described below.

Drug Conjugates Metabolism in Various Species: The drug conjugate (10μM) is incubated with plasma, intestinal S9, lung S9, liver S9 andkidney S9 from rats, dogs, monkeys and humans at 37° C. for 1 hour. Allpreparations should contain 1 mg protein/mL. Samples are obtained atzero and intervals over 1 hour post addition and are immediatelyquenched with methanol to prevent further conversion. Quenched samplesare then frozen and maintained at −80° C. prior to analysis. Samples areanalyzed by LC/MS/MS as described below. The rate of conversion of drugconjugates to parent drugs in each matrix is calculated in pmol/min/mgprotein.

Inhibition of Specific CYP450 Isoforms by Drug Conjugates: The leadcandidate of GABA-Drug conjugate is tested for inhibition of CYP450isoforms. The ability of drug conjugate to inhibit cytochromeP450-mediated metabolism is examined by standard methods using specificCYP450 isoforms expressed in bacculosomes (Supersomes™). Theexperimental conditions for each isoform are listed below. Standardsubstrates are employed that generate fluorescent metabolites.Experiments are conducted in a 96 well format. All incubations includedan NADPH cofactor mix. The final concentration of CYP450 protein in eachincubation should be between 2.5 to 5.0 μM. All compounds includingpositive control compounds are serially diluted in the solution of NADPHgeneration system to give final concentration of up to 400 μM. Theresulting solutions are incubated with a specific CYP450 isoform and therelated substrate at 37° C. for 15 to 45 minutes. A stop solution (80%acetonitrile/20% 0.5 M Tris base) is added to terminate the reaction.The samples are analyzed using a FlexStation fluorescence plate reader.

The percent inhibition of the formation of product is determined foreach drug conjugate concentration and for control inhibitors. Blankvalues are subtracted from the sample wells to obtain the netfluorescence signal. The concentrations of drug conjugate that bracketed50% inhibition (C_(High) and C_(Low)) are determined. The IC₅₀ valuesfor inhibition of each specific isoform are then determined from thebracketing concentrations and corresponding percent inhibition valuesvia linear interpolation as follows:

IC ₅₀=(50%−% I _(Low))/(% I _(High)−% I _(Low))×(C _(High) −C _(low))+C_(Low)

where C_(Low) and C_(High) are the concentrations bracketing 50%inhibition and % I_(High) and % I_(Low) are the corresponding percentinhibition values at the low and high concentrations, respectively. Thisis the calculation method recommended by the supplier of theSupersomes™.

CYP Isoforms (Standard Substrate): CYP3A4(7-benzyloxytrifluoromethycoumarin); CYP1A2 (3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin);CYP2C9 (7-methoxytrifluoromethylcoumarin); CYP2C19(3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin); CYP2D6(3-[2-(N,N-diethyl-N-methylamino)ethyl]-7-methyoxy-4-methylcoumarin);CYP2E 1 (7-methyoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin).

Example 7 Uptake of GABA Analogs and Conjugated Analgesics FollowingAdministration of GABA Analogs, Analgesics or GABA-Drug ConjugatesIntracolonically in Rats

Sustained release oral dosage forms, which release drug slowly overperiods of 6-24 hours, generally release a significant proportion of thedose within the colon. Thus, drugs suitable for use in such dosage formspreferably exhibit good colonic absorption. This experiment is conductedto assess the suitability of GABA-Drug conjugates for use in an oralsustained release formulation.

Step A: Administration Protocol

Rats are obtained commercially and are pre-cannulated in the both theascending colon and the jugular vein. Animals should be conscious at thetime of the experiment. All animals are fasted overnight and until 4hours post-dosing. The compounds of the interest are administered as asolution (in water or can be other solvent such as PEG 400) directlyinto the colon via the cannula at a dose of the desire. Blood samples(0.5 mL) are obtained from the jugular cannula at intervals over 8 hoursand are quenched immediately by addition of acetonitrile/methanol toprevent further conversion of the GABA-Drug conjugates. Blood samplesare analyzed as described below.

Step B: Sample Preparation for Colonic Absorbed Drug

In blank 1.5 mL eppendorf tubes, 300 μL of 50/50 acetonitrile/methanoland 20 μL of p-chlorophenylalanine are added as an internal standard.

-   -   1. Rat blood is collected at different time points and        immediately 100 μL of blood is added into the eppendorf tube and        vortexed to mix.    -   2. 10 μL of a GABA analogs or an analgesic drug standard        solution (0.04, 0.2, 1, 5, 25, 100 μg/mL) is added to 90 μL of        blank rat blood to make up a final calibration standard (0.004,        0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 10 μg/mL). Then 300 μL of 50/50        acetonitrile/methanol is added into each tube followed by 20 μL        of p-chlorophenylalanine. 3. Samples are vortexed and        centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 10 min. 4. Supernatant is taken        for LC/MS/MS analysis.

Step C: LC/MS/MS Analysis

A LC/MS/MS spectrometer equipped with 10 ADVp binary pumps and a CTCHTS-PAL autosampler is used in the analysis. A column of the choice isheated to 45° C. during the analysis. The mobile phase can be differentsolvent mixtures, such as 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile with0.1% formic acid (B). The gradient condition can be varied depend on thecompound analyzed. A TurbolonSpray source can be used on the LC/MS/MSinstrument such as API 2000. The analysis may be done in both positiveor negative ion mode and an MRM transition can be selected based on theanalysis of the compounds. 20 μL of the samples is injected. The peakscan be integrated using Analyst 1.1 quantitation software. Followingcolonic administration of each of these GABA-Drug conjugates, themaximum plasma concentrations of GABA analogs and analgesic drugs(C_(max)), as well as the area under the GABA analogs and analgesicdrugs plasma concentration vs. time curves (AUC) are compared to theparent drugs. A desired conjugates should provide both GABA analogs andanalgesic drug with higher C_(max) and greater AUC values than GABAanalogs and analgesic itself. This data demonstrates that compounds ofthe invention may be formulated as compositions suitable for enhancedabsorption and/or effective sustained release of GABA analogs andanalgesic drugs chosen to minimize dosing frequency due to rapidsystemic clearance of these GABA analogs.

Example 8 Pharmacokinetics of Conjugated GABA Analogs or ConjugatedAnalgesics Following Intravenous Administration to Cynomolgus Monkeys

GABA analogs or analgesic drugs are administered to four male cynomolgusmonkeys as an aqueous solution by intravenous bolus injection into thesaphenous vein at a desired dose. Blood samples are obtained from allanimals at intervals over 24 hours post-dosing. Blood is processedimmediately for plasma at 4° C. All plasma samples are subsequentlyanalyzed for GABA analogs or analgesic drugs using the LC/MS/MS assaydescribed above.

Example 9 Uptake of GABA Analogs or Conjugated Analgesic Drugs FollowingAdministration of GABA Analogs or GABA-Drug Conjugates Intracolonicallyin Cynomolgus Monkeys

GABA analogs, analgesic drugs and GABA-Drug conjugates are administeredat a desired dose to groups of four male cynomolgus monkeys as eitheraqueous solutions or suspensions via bolus injection directly into thecolon via an indwelling cannula. For colonic delivery, a flexible Frenchcatheter is inserted into the rectum of each monkey and extended to theproximal colon (approx. 16 inches) using fluoroscopy. Monkeys arelightly sedated by administration of Telazol/ketamine during dosing. Awashout period of at least 5 to 7 days is allowed between treatments.Following dosing, blood samples are obtained at intervals over 24 hoursand are immediately quenched and processed for plasma at 4° C. Allplasma samples are subsequently analyzed for GABA analogs, analgesicdrugs and intact GABA-Drug conjugates using the LC/MS/MS assay describedabove. Following colonic administration of GABA-Drug conjugates, themaximum plasma concentrations of GABA analogs and analgesic drugs(C_(max)), as well as the area under the GABA analogs and analgesicdrugs plasma concentration vs. time curves (AUC) are significantlygreater than that produced from colonic administration of GABA analogitself. This data demonstrates that these GABA-Drug conjugates may beformulated as compositions suitable for enhanced absorption and/oreffective sustained release of GABA analogs to minimize dosing frequencydue to rapid systemic clearance of these GABA analogs.

Example 10 Uptake of GABA Analogs and Conjugated Analgesic DrugsFollowing Oral Administration of GABA-Drug Conjugates to CynomolgusMonkeys

The GABA-Drug conjugates are administered by oral gavage to groups offour male cynomolgus monkeys as either an aqueous solution or suspensionrespectively. Following dosing, blood samples are obtained at intervalsover 24 hours and are immediately quenched and processed for plasma at4° C. All plasma samples are subsequently analyzed for GABA analogs,analgesic drugs and intact GABA-Drug conjugates using the LC/MS/MS assaydescribed above.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

1.-93. (canceled)
 94. A compound comprising a first moiety, a secondmoiety and a linker which covalently links the first moiety to thesecond moiety, wherein: the first moiety is γ-aminobytyric acid (GABA)or an analog or a derivative of GABA; the second moiety is anonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or γ-hydroxybutyric acid(GHB) or an analog or a derivative of GHB; and the linker has astructure selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted alkoxycarbonyl,substituted alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloalkoxycarbonyl, substituted cycloalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryl,substituted heteroaryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl,heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl.
 95. The compound ofclaim 94, wherein the first moiety is a baclofen, vigabatrin,gabapentin, or pregabalin, or a γ-amino-phosphinic acid derivative. 96.The compound of claim 94, wherein the linker is physiologically labile.97. The compound of claim 94, further comprising a third moiety that isionically or covalently linked to the first moiety or the second moiety.98. The compound of claim 94, wherein the compound is used incombination with at least one other therapeutic agent.
 99. The compoundof claim 98, wherein the other therapeutic agent is selected from thegroup consisting of an anti-psychotic drug, an anxiolytic drug, ananti-depressant drug, an anti-convulsive drug, an antiparkinsonian drug,an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, a MAO inhibitor, a selectiveserotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)antagonist, and a selective noradrenalin replace inhibitor.
 100. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 94 and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 101. The pharmaceutical compositionof claim 100, further comprising at least one other therapeutic agent.102. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 100, wherein thecomposition is for treating pain and/or a neurological disorder.
 103. Akit for preventing or treating pain or a neurological disorder in asubject, the kit comprising a compound of claim 94 and instructions forusing the compound.
 104. The kit of claim 103, further comprising atleast one other agent for use in the treatment of pain or a neurologicaldisorder.
 105. A method of preventing or treating a disorder, the methodcomprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of claim
 94. 106. The method of claim105, wherein the compound is used in combination with at least one othertherapeutic agent.
 107. The method of claim 106, wherein the othertherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of ananti-psychotic drug, an anxiolytic drug, an anti-depressant drug, ananti-convulsive drug, an antiparkinsonian drug, an acetylcholineesterase inhibitor, a MAO inhibitor, a selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitor (SSRI), an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) antagonist, and aselective noradrenalin replace inhibitor.
 108. The method of claim 105,wherein the disorder is a pain or a neurological disorder.
 109. Themethod of claim 108, wherein the pain is of an acute, chronic, orinflammatory state.
 110. The method of claim 108, wherein theneurological disorder is selected from the group consisting of a paindisorder, an anxiety disorder, a depression, a dissociative disorder, apersonality disorder, a cognitive disorder, a mood disorder, anaffective disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a convulsive disorder,Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia,paranoia, psychosis, Huntington's disease, Gilles de Ia Tourette'ssyndrome, faintness attacks, hypokinesia, cranial disorders,neurodegenerative disorders, panic, insomnia, addictive disorders, andrestless leg syndrome.
 111. The method of claim 105, wherein the subjectis a human.
 112. The method of claim 105, wherein administering thecompound or the pharmaceutical composition results in at least one lessside effect as compared to administering the individual moiety alone.113. The method of claim 105, wherein administering the compound or thepharmaceutical composition results in enhanced therapeutic activity ascompared to administering the individual moiety alone.